Benchmark prs

[jprendes]

No description provided.

[hyperlight-gh-bot]

Benchmark Results

kvm / amd (Linux) (❌ *1.81x slower* → 🚀 **2.41x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	serialize_function_call	deserialize_function_call
	7.91 ms (❌ 1.81x slower)	10.23 ms (❌ 1.19x slower)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	call	different_thread	interrupt_latency
medium	23.92 µs (✅ 1.07x slower)	70.81 µs (✅ 1.13x faster)	12.77 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)
small	20.73 µs (✅ 1.11x faster)	65.39 µs (✅ 1.08x faster)	11.50 µs (✅ 1.08x faster)
default	23.58 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)	62.36 µs (✅ 1.00x slower)	12.91 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)
				9.82 ms (❌ 1.48x slower)	22.93 µs (❌ 1.13x slower)
large	24.52 µs (✅ 1.07x slower)	89.47 µs (✅ 1.17x faster)	12.97 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	596.90 ms (✅ 1.07x slower)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	22.33 µs (✅ 1.68x faster)	21.02 µs (🚀 1.86x faster)

sandboxes

	create_uninitialized	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_initialized_and_drop
large	28.23 ms (🚀 2.31x faster)	27.82 ms (🚀 2.41x faster)	29.26 ms (🚀 2.25x faster)	39.64 ms (🚀 1.98x faster)
medium	8.62 ms (🚀 2.05x faster)	9.84 ms (🚀 1.97x faster)	9.12 ms (🚀 1.97x faster)	24.22 ms (✅ 1.27x faster)
small	2.18 ms (✅ 1.73x faster)	5.11 ms (✅ 1.03x slower)	2.43 ms (✅ 1.47x faster)	18.61 ms (❌ 1.19x slower)
default	403.76 µs (✅ 1.27x faster)	2.59 ms (❌ 1.43x slower)	449.76 µs (✅ 1.25x faster)	18.50 ms (❌ 1.59x slower)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	fill	copy_to_slice
64MB	4.72 ms (✅ 1.11x slower)	3.03 ms (❌ 1.20x slower)	4.48 ms (✅ 1.10x slower)
1MB	40.44 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)	28.08 µs (✅ 1.30x faster)	38.55 µs (✅ 1.07x slower)

snapshots

	restore	create
medium	15.56 µs (✅ 1.03x faster)	28.75 ms (✅ 1.21x faster)
large	36.68 µs (✅ 1.41x faster)	100.35 ms (✅ 1.40x faster)
small	10.73 µs (❌ 1.13x slower)	2.93 ms (✅ 1.20x faster)
default	9.83 µs (✅ 1.03x faster)	302.77 µs (✅ 1.28x faster)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_initialized/large — 🚀 2.41x faster
• Worst regression: function_call_serialization/serialize_function_call — ❌ 1.81x slower

kvm / intel (Linux) (❌ *1.88x slower* → 🚀 **7.91x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	serialize_function_call	deserialize_function_call
	7.01 ms (❌ 1.23x slower)	10.82 ms (✅ 1.15x faster)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	call	different_thread	interrupt_latency
medium	39.32 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)	43.21 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)	20.59 µs (✅ 1.07x slower)
small	39.81 µs (✅ 1.07x slower)	37.25 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)	20.58 µs (✅ 1.10x slower)
default	36.34 µs (✅ 1.03x faster)	36.97 µs (✅ 1.02x faster)	21.09 µs (✅ 1.09x slower)
				10.90 ms (❌ 1.64x slower)	14.60 µs (🚀 1.85x faster)
large	37.04 µs (✅ 1.05x slower)	80.05 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)	19.39 µs (✅ 1.00x slower)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	653.71 ms (✅ 1.04x faster)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	34.89 µs (🚀 3.07x faster)	34.42 µs (🚀 3.24x faster)

sandboxes

	create_uninitialized	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_initialized_and_drop
large	66.06 ms (🚀 2.32x faster)	70.78 ms (🚀 2.20x faster)	68.71 ms (🚀 2.24x faster)	80.86 ms (🚀 2.08x faster)
medium	18.34 ms (🚀 2.21x faster)	20.73 ms (🚀 2.07x faster)	18.33 ms (🚀 2.20x faster)	36.35 ms (✅ 1.51x faster)
small	2.30 ms (✅ 1.55x faster)	4.28 ms (✅ 1.29x faster)	2.39 ms (✅ 1.53x faster)	21.46 ms (❌ 1.24x slower)
default	408.44 µs (✅ 1.20x faster)	2.19 ms (✅ 1.05x slower)	416.68 µs (✅ 1.29x faster)	21.34 ms (❌ 1.88x slower)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	fill	copy_to_slice
64MB	6.08 ms (🚀 1.85x faster)	3.03 ms (✅ 1.02x faster)	4.73 ms (✅ 1.17x faster)
1MB	49.10 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)	29.03 µs (✅ 1.25x faster)	44.40 µs (✅ 1.11x slower)

snapshots

	restore	create
medium	15.95 µs (✅ 1.04x faster)	44.43 ms (✅ 1.68x faster)
large	67.05 µs (🚀 7.91x faster)	173.59 ms (✅ 1.70x faster)
small	11.79 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)	2.71 ms (✅ 1.46x faster)
default	11.17 µs (✅ 1.00x slower)	301.70 µs (✅ 1.27x faster)

Summary

• Biggest gain: snapshots/restore/large — 🚀 7.91x faster
• Worst regression: sandboxes/create_initialized_and_drop/default — ❌ 1.88x slower

mshv3 / amd (Linux) (❌ *2.19x slower* → 🚀 **2.85x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	12.21 ms (❌ 1.77x slower)	8.42 ms (❌ 1.59x slower)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	call	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	67.83 µs (✅ 1.35x faster)	154.02 µs (✅ 1.07x faster)	39.15 µs (✅ 1.35x faster)
small	69.99 µs (✅ 1.30x faster)	154.02 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)	41.88 µs (✅ 1.33x faster)
large	61.27 µs (✅ 1.49x faster)	213.11 µs (✅ 1.09x faster)	39.94 µs (✅ 1.39x faster)
				54.00 µs (✅ 1.42x faster)	45.40 µs (✅ 1.09x faster)
medium	69.47 µs (✅ 1.23x faster)	173.44 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)	43.01 µs (✅ 1.32x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	86.23 ms (❌ 1.15x slower)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_rust	24K_in_8K_out_c
	63.91 µs (✅ 1.33x faster)	60.65 µs (✅ 1.33x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized	create_initialized
medium	94.72 ms (❌ 1.52x slower)	10.57 ms (🚀 2.46x faster)	10.34 ms (🚀 2.49x faster)	12.61 ms (🚀 2.25x faster)
small	91.72 ms (❌ 2.19x slower)	2.38 ms (✅ 1.71x faster)	2.19 ms (✅ 1.77x faster)	3.90 ms (✅ 1.49x faster)
large	184.48 ms (❌ 1.28x slower)	33.93 ms (🚀 2.85x faster)	33.59 ms (🚀 2.81x faster)	39.90 ms (🚀 2.58x faster)
default	48.76 ms (❌ 1.41x slower)	516.20 µs (✅ 1.26x faster)	463.74 µs (✅ 1.32x faster)	1.40 ms (✅ 1.09x faster)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
64MB	5.30 ms (✅ 1.06x faster)	5.18 ms (✅ 1.06x slower)	4.11 ms (✅ 1.10x slower)
1MB	42.62 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)	42.48 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)	41.49 µs (✅ 1.00x slower)

snapshots

	restore	create
default	82.36 µs (✅ 1.02x faster)	358.92 µs (✅ 1.42x faster)
large	1.80 ms (🚀 1.86x faster)	196.62 ms (✅ 1.22x faster)
medium	94.28 µs (✅ 1.30x faster)	47.91 ms (✅ 1.20x faster)
small	85.34 µs (✅ 1.03x faster)	2.78 ms (✅ 1.59x faster)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_uninitialized_and_drop/large — 🚀 2.85x faster
• Worst regression: sandboxes/create_initialized_and_drop/small — ❌ 2.19x slower

mshv3 / intel (Linux) (❌ *1.56x slower* → 🚀 **1.89x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	14.56 ms (✅ 1.05x slower)	11.73 ms (❌ 1.12x slower)

guest_calls

	different_thread	call_with_restore	interrupt_latency	call	call_with_host_function
	87.77 µs (✅ 1.43x faster)		70.06 µs (✅ 1.23x faster)
medium		264.19 µs (✅ 1.07x faster)		78.33 µs (✅ 1.31x faster)	120.92 µs (✅ 1.39x faster)
default		245.26 µs (✅ 1.13x faster)		79.13 µs (✅ 1.33x faster)	121.14 µs (✅ 1.35x faster)
small		251.80 µs (✅ 1.09x faster)		79.76 µs (✅ 1.34x faster)	124.74 µs (✅ 1.38x faster)
large		348.65 µs (✅ 1.18x faster)		80.72 µs (✅ 1.28x faster)	115.04 µs (✅ 1.52x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	113.56 ms (✅ 1.13x faster)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_rust	24K_in_8K_out_c
	98.22 µs (✅ 1.47x faster)	93.62 µs (✅ 1.49x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized	create_initialized
large	230.76 ms (❌ 1.49x slower)	63.71 ms (✅ 1.66x faster)	63.13 ms (✅ 1.69x faster)	70.62 ms (✅ 1.59x faster)
small	59.00 ms (❌ 1.40x slower)	2.56 ms (✅ 1.76x faster)	2.31 ms (🚀 1.89x faster)	5.07 ms (✅ 1.28x faster)
medium	80.48 ms (❌ 1.27x slower)	17.28 ms (✅ 1.63x faster)	17.35 ms (✅ 1.63x faster)	20.46 ms (✅ 1.54x faster)
default	51.96 ms (❌ 1.56x slower)	386.46 µs (✅ 1.32x faster)	355.91 µs (✅ 1.38x faster)	1.52 ms (✅ 1.10x faster)

shared_memory

	copy_to_slice	copy_from_slice	fill
1MB	41.58 µs (✅ 1.07x slower)	70.21 µs (❌ 1.12x slower)	34.91 µs (✅ 1.08x faster)
64MB	8.69 ms (✅ 1.09x faster)	11.42 ms (✅ 1.01x slower)	7.51 ms (✅ 1.03x slower)

snapshots

	create	restore
medium	42.42 ms (✅ 1.29x faster)	182.54 µs (❌ 1.14x slower)
default	358.88 µs (✅ 1.27x faster)	160.07 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)
small	4.11 ms (✅ 1.45x faster)	157.98 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)
large	165.26 ms (✅ 1.27x faster)	1.80 ms (✅ 1.45x faster)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_uninitialized/small — 🚀 1.89x faster
• Worst regression: sandboxes/create_initialized_and_drop/default — ❌ 1.56x slower

hyperv-ws2025 / amd (Windows) (❌ *4.96x slower* → ✅ **1.42x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	11.54 ms (❌ 1.18x slower)	12.55 ms (❌ 1.46x slower)

guest_calls

	call	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	54.08 µs (❌ 1.42x slower)	92.17 µs (❌ 1.37x slower)	208.67 µs (❌ 1.64x slower)
large	59.01 µs (❌ 1.46x slower)	120.51 µs (❌ 1.78x slower)	445.99 µs (❌ 1.79x slower)
medium	54.22 µs (❌ 1.42x slower)	107.02 µs (❌ 1.60x slower)	276.33 µs (❌ 1.68x slower)
small	53.11 µs (❌ 1.39x slower)	108.09 µs (❌ 1.71x slower)	206.86 µs (❌ 1.39x slower)
				84.65 µs (✅ 1.10x slower)	148.91 µs (❌ 4.96x slower)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	4.92 s (❌ 1.49x slower)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	94.42 µs (❌ 1.30x slower)	90.34 µs (❌ 1.35x slower)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized
default	7.06 ms (❌ 1.41x slower)	6.89 ms (❌ 1.62x slower)	1.68 ms (❌ 1.37x slower)	1.90 ms (❌ 1.29x slower)
large	288.00 ms (✅ 1.17x faster)	239.45 ms (✅ 1.25x faster)	393.73 ms (✅ 1.05x slower)	315.94 ms (✅ 1.10x faster)
medium	96.81 ms (❌ 1.14x slower)	88.33 ms (❌ 1.17x slower)	78.66 ms (✅ 1.21x faster)	61.84 ms (✅ 1.42x faster)
small	19.84 ms (❌ 1.28x slower)	13.62 ms (✅ 1.01x slower)	10.73 ms (✅ 1.18x faster)	8.73 ms (✅ 1.37x faster)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
1MB	52.17 µs (❌ 1.22x slower)	53.45 µs (❌ 1.14x slower)	43.71 µs (✅ 1.05x slower)
64MB	10.77 ms (❌ 1.29x slower)	13.19 ms (❌ 1.40x slower)	6.89 ms (❌ 1.11x slower)

snapshots

	create	restore
default	975.92 µs (❌ 1.34x slower)	126.94 µs (❌ 1.68x slower)
large	423.02 ms (❌ 1.12x slower)	65.22 ms (❌ 1.67x slower)
medium	89.67 ms (✅ 1.00x slower)	1.12 ms (❌ 4.23x slower)
small	11.11 ms (✅ 1.02x faster)	136.47 µs (❌ 1.99x slower)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_uninitialized/medium — ✅ 1.42x faster
• Worst regression: guest_calls/interrupt_latency — ❌ 4.96x slower

hyperv-ws2025 / intel (Windows) (❌ *6.68x slower* → ✅ **1.31x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	15.57 ms (✅ 1.06x slower)	12.67 ms (✅ 1.08x slower)

guest_calls

	call	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	87.22 µs (❌ 1.17x slower)	123.51 µs (✅ 1.07x slower)	260.67 µs (✅ 1.08x slower)
large	82.18 µs (✅ 1.06x faster)	135.39 µs (❌ 1.16x slower)	790.72 µs (❌ 1.51x slower)
medium	82.22 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)	122.83 µs (✅ 1.07x faster)	351.26 µs (❌ 1.19x slower)
small	85.73 µs (✅ 1.08x slower)	123.63 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)	262.66 µs (✅ 1.07x slower)
				101.76 µs (✅ 1.11x faster)	161.41 µs (❌ 2.44x slower)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	5.71 s (❌ 1.22x slower)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	105.93 µs (✅ 1.09x faster)	107.90 µs (✅ 1.08x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized
default	8.05 ms (✅ 1.04x slower)	6.77 ms (❌ 1.16x slower)	1.34 ms (✅ 1.05x slower)	1.03 ms (✅ 1.09x faster)
large	398.19 ms (✅ 1.01x slower)	313.32 ms (✅ 1.04x faster)	399.59 ms (❌ 1.14x slower)	292.09 ms (✅ 1.05x faster)
medium	104.07 ms (✅ 1.00x slower)	81.05 ms (✅ 1.08x faster)	100.29 ms (❌ 1.15x slower)	75.12 ms (✅ 1.05x faster)
small	21.06 ms (✅ 1.01x slower)	16.71 ms (✅ 1.04x faster)	14.14 ms (❌ 1.16x slower)	12.65 ms (❌ 1.19x slower)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
1MB	69.43 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)	71.10 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)	35.20 µs (✅ 1.05x slower)
64MB	14.48 ms (✅ 1.01x slower)	19.65 ms (❌ 1.21x slower)	10.98 ms (✅ 1.10x slower)

snapshots

	create	restore
default	759.73 µs (✅ 1.31x faster)	151.57 µs (✅ 1.00x slower)
large	428.73 ms (✅ 1.11x faster)	76.93 ms (❌ 1.34x slower)
medium	110.64 ms (✅ 1.10x faster)	6.02 ms (❌ 6.68x slower)
small	14.38 ms (✅ 1.09x faster)	169.71 µs (❌ 1.19x slower)

Summary

• Biggest gain: snapshots/create/default — ✅ 1.31x faster
• Worst regression: snapshots/restore/medium — ❌ 6.68x slower

[hyperlight-gh-bot]

Benchmark Results

kvm / amd (Linux) (❌ *1.92x slower* → 🚀 **2.44x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	serialize_function_call	deserialize_function_call
	8.39 ms (❌ 1.92x slower)	8.17 ms (✅ 1.05x faster)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	call	different_thread	interrupt_latency
medium	23.61 µs (✅ 1.06x slower)	70.44 µs (✅ 1.14x faster)	12.76 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)
small	20.75 µs (✅ 1.10x faster)	65.94 µs (✅ 1.08x faster)	11.44 µs (✅ 1.10x faster)
default	24.01 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)	61.98 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)	12.75 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)
				9.69 ms (❌ 1.46x slower)	25.97 µs (❌ 1.28x slower)
large	24.42 µs (✅ 1.06x slower)	89.09 µs (✅ 1.17x faster)	12.94 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	598.13 ms (✅ 1.07x slower)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	20.93 µs (🚀 1.81x faster)	22.34 µs (✅ 1.72x faster)

sandboxes

	create_uninitialized	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_initialized_and_drop
large	28.89 ms (🚀 2.25x faster)	27.47 ms (🚀 2.44x faster)	29.09 ms (🚀 2.27x faster)	38.79 ms (🚀 2.02x faster)
medium	8.75 ms (🚀 2.02x faster)	9.90 ms (🚀 1.96x faster)	9.02 ms (🚀 1.99x faster)	24.61 ms (✅ 1.25x faster)
small	2.28 ms (✅ 1.65x faster)	3.66 ms (✅ 1.36x faster)	2.32 ms (✅ 1.54x faster)	19.58 ms (❌ 1.25x slower)
default	403.02 µs (✅ 1.28x faster)	1.86 ms (✅ 1.03x slower)	445.02 µs (✅ 1.27x faster)	18.91 ms (❌ 1.63x slower)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	fill	copy_to_slice
64MB	4.70 ms (✅ 1.10x slower)	2.96 ms (❌ 1.18x slower)	5.50 ms (❌ 1.35x slower)
1MB	40.14 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)	28.00 µs (✅ 1.30x faster)	41.95 µs (❌ 1.11x slower)

snapshots

	restore	create
medium	15.99 µs (✅ 1.06x faster)	30.21 ms (✅ 1.16x faster)
large	36.55 µs (✅ 1.46x faster)	98.60 ms (✅ 1.42x faster)
small	11.40 µs (✅ 1.08x slower)	2.88 ms (✅ 1.22x faster)
default	9.43 µs (✅ 1.06x faster)	305.87 µs (✅ 1.29x faster)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_initialized/large — 🚀 2.44x faster
• Worst regression: function_call_serialization/serialize_function_call — ❌ 1.92x slower

kvm / intel (Linux) (❌ *1.70x slower* → 🚀 **5.39x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	serialize_function_call	deserialize_function_call
	7.15 ms (❌ 1.25x slower)	9.96 ms (✅ 1.25x faster)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	call	different_thread	interrupt_latency
medium	38.21 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)	39.63 µs (✅ 1.04x faster)	19.73 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)
small	34.55 µs (✅ 1.07x faster)	35.37 µs (✅ 1.06x faster)	19.86 µs (✅ 1.07x slower)
default	38.21 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)	35.90 µs (✅ 1.06x faster)	19.70 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)
				10.29 ms (❌ 1.55x slower)	15.21 µs (✅ 1.78x faster)
large	38.51 µs (✅ 1.09x slower)	75.44 µs (✅ 1.02x faster)	18.43 µs (✅ 1.05x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	638.15 ms (✅ 1.07x faster)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	30.93 µs (🚀 3.40x faster)	31.88 µs (🚀 3.47x faster)

sandboxes

	create_uninitialized	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_initialized_and_drop
large	75.42 ms (🚀 2.03x faster)	78.01 ms (🚀 2.00x faster)	74.83 ms (🚀 2.06x faster)	91.67 ms (🚀 1.84x faster)
medium	19.55 ms (🚀 2.08x faster)	22.36 ms (🚀 1.92x faster)	19.71 ms (🚀 2.04x faster)	35.27 ms (✅ 1.56x faster)
small	2.21 ms (✅ 1.61x faster)	4.23 ms (✅ 1.31x faster)	2.41 ms (✅ 1.52x faster)	20.69 ms (❌ 1.20x slower)
default	376.93 µs (✅ 1.30x faster)	2.05 ms (✅ 1.02x faster)	407.56 µs (✅ 1.32x faster)	19.27 ms (❌ 1.70x slower)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	fill	copy_to_slice
64MB	6.08 ms (🚀 1.85x faster)	3.39 ms (✅ 1.10x slower)	4.56 ms (✅ 1.22x faster)
1MB	47.28 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)	27.83 µs (✅ 1.31x faster)	44.24 µs (✅ 1.08x slower)

snapshots

	restore	create
medium	15.12 µs (✅ 1.11x faster)	47.89 ms (✅ 1.56x faster)
large	66.00 µs (🚀 5.39x faster)	193.81 ms (✅ 1.53x faster)
small	11.61 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)	2.72 ms (✅ 1.46x faster)
default	10.68 µs (✅ 1.02x faster)	299.04 µs (✅ 1.30x faster)

Summary

• Biggest gain: snapshots/restore/large — 🚀 5.39x faster
• Worst regression: sandboxes/create_initialized_and_drop/default — ❌ 1.70x slower

mshv3 / amd (Linux) (❌ *1.98x slower* → 🚀 **2.60x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	13.03 ms (❌ 1.89x slower)	9.02 ms (❌ 1.71x slower)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	call	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	68.32 µs (✅ 1.35x faster)	133.63 µs (✅ 1.22x faster)	39.51 µs (✅ 1.34x faster)
small	66.41 µs (✅ 1.37x faster)	150.98 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)	44.17 µs (✅ 1.25x faster)
large	70.43 µs (✅ 1.29x faster)	208.55 µs (✅ 1.12x faster)	40.19 µs (✅ 1.39x faster)
				57.63 µs (✅ 1.34x faster)	44.31 µs (✅ 1.12x faster)
medium	70.11 µs (✅ 1.28x faster)	160.10 µs (✅ 1.04x faster)	42.22 µs (✅ 1.31x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	86.99 ms (❌ 1.16x slower)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_rust	24K_in_8K_out_c
	57.44 µs (✅ 1.49x faster)	61.58 µs (✅ 1.31x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized	create_initialized
medium	106.92 ms (❌ 1.71x slower)	11.47 ms (🚀 2.27x faster)	11.05 ms (🚀 2.32x faster)	13.89 ms (🚀 2.04x faster)
small	82.80 ms (❌ 1.98x slower)	2.42 ms (✅ 1.68x faster)	2.17 ms (✅ 1.79x faster)	4.42 ms (✅ 1.31x faster)
large	198.04 ms (❌ 1.37x slower)	37.85 ms (🚀 2.56x faster)	36.37 ms (🚀 2.60x faster)	43.58 ms (🚀 2.36x faster)
default	49.51 ms (❌ 1.44x slower)	497.14 µs (✅ 1.29x faster)	459.41 µs (✅ 1.33x faster)	1.59 ms (✅ 1.04x slower)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
64MB	5.35 ms (✅ 1.05x faster)	5.42 ms (❌ 1.11x slower)	4.38 ms (❌ 1.17x slower)
1MB	42.31 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)	43.13 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)	41.46 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)

snapshots

	restore	create
default	82.39 µs (✅ 1.02x faster)	357.16 µs (✅ 1.43x faster)
large	1.62 ms (🚀 2.07x faster)	195.13 ms (✅ 1.23x faster)
medium	98.24 µs (✅ 1.18x faster)	48.58 ms (✅ 1.18x faster)
small	87.38 µs (✅ 1.00x slower)	2.90 ms (✅ 1.52x faster)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_uninitialized/large — 🚀 2.60x faster
• Worst regression: sandboxes/create_initialized_and_drop/small — ❌ 1.98x slower

mshv3 / intel (Linux) (❌ *2.33x slower* → 🚀 **1.94x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	14.40 ms (✅ 1.04x slower)	11.87 ms (❌ 1.13x slower)

guest_calls

	call	call_with_restore	call_with_host_function	interrupt_latency	different_thread
small	79.07 µs (✅ 1.34x faster)	243.84 µs (✅ 1.14x faster)	115.85 µs (✅ 1.43x faster)
large	70.91 µs (✅ 1.45x faster)	331.88 µs (✅ 1.24x faster)	106.94 µs (✅ 1.65x faster)
medium	77.63 µs (✅ 1.32x faster)	236.32 µs (✅ 1.21x faster)	113.70 µs (✅ 1.49x faster)
default	76.25 µs (✅ 1.39x faster)	240.87 µs (✅ 1.15x faster)	118.87 µs (✅ 1.40x faster)
				61.04 µs (✅ 1.41x faster)	82.67 µs (✅ 1.54x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	114.29 ms (✅ 1.12x faster)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	92.98 µs (✅ 1.54x faster)	94.16 µs (✅ 1.53x faster)

sandboxes

	create_uninitialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_initialized_and_drop	create_initialized
medium	16.69 ms (✅ 1.69x faster)	17.05 ms (✅ 1.65x faster)	147.48 ms (❌ 2.33x slower)	20.09 ms (✅ 1.56x faster)
default	362.39 µs (✅ 1.36x faster)	371.26 µs (✅ 1.39x faster)	49.84 ms (❌ 1.50x slower)	1.46 ms (✅ 1.14x faster)
large	61.97 ms (✅ 1.73x faster)	63.88 ms (✅ 1.66x faster)	224.00 ms (❌ 1.44x slower)	69.87 ms (✅ 1.61x faster)
small	2.24 ms (🚀 1.94x faster)	2.90 ms (✅ 1.55x faster)	97.52 ms (❌ 2.31x slower)	5.08 ms (✅ 1.27x faster)

shared_memory

	fill	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice
64MB	7.40 ms (✅ 1.02x slower)	11.69 ms (✅ 1.03x slower)	8.95 ms (✅ 1.06x faster)
1MB	33.44 µs (✅ 1.14x faster)	63.75 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)	41.50 µs (✅ 1.07x slower)

snapshots

	create	restore
large	162.87 ms (✅ 1.29x faster)	1.74 ms (✅ 1.50x faster)
default	354.95 µs (✅ 1.28x faster)	153.93 µs (✅ 1.03x faster)
small	4.39 ms (✅ 1.36x faster)	158.39 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)
medium	41.74 ms (✅ 1.32x faster)	169.35 µs (✅ 1.04x faster)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_uninitialized/small — 🚀 1.94x faster
• Worst regression: sandboxes/create_initialized_and_drop/medium — ❌ 2.33x slower

hyperv-ws2025 / amd (Windows) (❌ *8.66x slower* → ✅ **1.11x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	13.63 ms (❌ 1.39x slower)	12.67 ms (❌ 1.48x slower)

guest_calls

	call	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	48.65 µs (❌ 1.27x slower)	78.79 µs (❌ 1.23x slower)	174.66 µs (❌ 1.26x slower)
large	53.10 µs (❌ 1.29x slower)	93.00 µs (❌ 1.43x slower)	461.88 µs (❌ 1.78x slower)
medium	51.24 µs (❌ 1.40x slower)	96.78 µs (❌ 1.44x slower)	229.54 µs (❌ 1.40x slower)
small	50.33 µs (❌ 1.33x slower)	78.57 µs (❌ 1.26x slower)	187.71 µs (❌ 1.30x slower)
				78.47 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)	153.79 µs (❌ 5.12x slower)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	4.74 s (❌ 1.44x slower)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	98.65 µs (❌ 1.34x slower)	82.02 µs (❌ 1.17x slower)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized
default	8.24 ms (❌ 1.64x slower)	6.29 ms (❌ 1.48x slower)	1.39 ms (❌ 1.24x slower)	1.50 ms (✅ 1.00x faster)
large	405.55 ms (❌ 1.21x slower)	320.54 ms (✅ 1.07x slower)	388.69 ms (✅ 1.04x slower)	311.94 ms (✅ 1.11x faster)
medium	104.65 ms (❌ 1.23x slower)	107.36 ms (❌ 1.42x slower)	95.10 ms (✅ 1.00x slower)	79.46 ms (✅ 1.10x faster)
small	20.52 ms (❌ 1.32x slower)	17.29 ms (❌ 1.28x slower)	13.25 ms (✅ 1.04x slower)	15.18 ms (❌ 1.27x slower)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
1MB	50.56 µs (❌ 1.20x slower)	51.72 µs (❌ 1.15x slower)	44.61 µs (✅ 1.09x slower)
64MB	18.59 ms (❌ 2.23x slower)	18.27 ms (❌ 1.93x slower)	12.48 ms (❌ 2.02x slower)

snapshots

	create	restore
default	872.32 µs (❌ 1.17x slower)	101.89 µs (❌ 1.40x slower)
large	446.46 ms (❌ 1.18x slower)	59.04 ms (❌ 1.51x slower)
medium	120.42 ms (❌ 1.35x slower)	2.29 ms (❌ 8.66x slower)
small	15.43 ms (❌ 1.36x slower)	115.82 µs (❌ 1.74x slower)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_uninitialized/large — ✅ 1.11x faster
• Worst regression: snapshots/restore/medium — ❌ 8.66x slower

hyperv-ws2025 / intel (Windows) (❌ *3.32x slower* → ✅ **1.24x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	16.46 ms (❌ 1.12x slower)	13.95 ms (❌ 1.19x slower)

guest_calls

	call	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	77.41 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)	130.89 µs (✅ 1.08x slower)	234.50 µs (✅ 1.05x faster)
large	89.57 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)	127.20 µs (❌ 1.19x slower)	784.62 µs (❌ 1.38x slower)
medium	79.85 µs (✅ 1.03x faster)	139.73 µs (✅ 1.05x slower)	353.80 µs (❌ 1.19x slower)
small	79.49 µs (✅ 1.02x faster)	134.30 µs (✅ 1.08x slower)	254.65 µs (✅ 1.06x slower)
				100.42 µs (✅ 1.14x faster)	148.20 µs (❌ 2.24x slower)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	4.71 s (✅ 1.01x slower)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	97.65 µs (✅ 1.24x faster)	97.15 µs (✅ 1.23x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized
default	7.45 ms (✅ 1.04x faster)	6.10 ms (✅ 1.04x slower)	1.60 ms (❌ 1.31x slower)	1.42 ms (❌ 1.28x slower)
large	383.32 ms (✅ 1.02x faster)	320.47 ms (✅ 1.02x faster)	408.89 ms (❌ 1.17x slower)	301.74 ms (✅ 1.02x faster)
medium	111.60 ms (✅ 1.07x slower)	84.30 ms (✅ 1.03x faster)	97.63 ms (❌ 1.12x slower)	73.95 ms (✅ 1.07x faster)
small	20.50 ms (✅ 1.01x faster)	17.24 ms (✅ 1.01x faster)	14.45 ms (❌ 1.18x slower)	10.59 ms (✅ 1.01x faster)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
1MB	70.83 µs (❌ 1.16x slower)	82.24 µs (❌ 1.16x slower)	37.47 µs (❌ 1.15x slower)
64MB	14.75 ms (✅ 1.03x slower)	17.81 ms (✅ 1.10x slower)	11.50 ms (❌ 1.15x slower)

snapshots

	create	restore
default	810.67 µs (✅ 1.24x faster)	134.78 µs (✅ 1.11x faster)
large	433.71 ms (✅ 1.10x faster)	83.49 ms (❌ 1.45x slower)
medium	112.00 ms (✅ 1.09x faster)	2.99 ms (❌ 3.32x slower)
small	14.84 ms (✅ 1.06x faster)	161.35 µs (❌ 1.11x slower)

Summary

• Biggest gain: snapshots/create/default — ✅ 1.24x faster
• Worst regression: snapshots/restore/medium — ❌ 3.32x slower

[hyperlight-gh-bot]

Benchmark Results

kvm / amd (Linux) (❌ *1.35x slower* → 🚀 **2.81x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	serialize_function_call	deserialize_function_call
	5.90 ms (❌ 1.35x slower)	8.19 ms (✅ 1.05x faster)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	call	different_thread	interrupt_latency
medium	20.06 µs (✅ 1.11x faster)	71.45 µs (✅ 1.06x faster)	11.13 µs (✅ 1.13x faster)
small	20.14 µs (✅ 1.14x faster)	66.22 µs (✅ 1.04x faster)	11.11 µs (✅ 1.13x faster)
default	20.00 µs (✅ 1.17x faster)	58.34 µs (✅ 1.07x faster)	11.11 µs (✅ 1.12x faster)
				6.52 ms (✅ 1.02x faster)	19.78 µs (✅ 1.03x faster)
large	19.95 µs (✅ 1.14x faster)	93.99 µs (✅ 1.04x faster)	11.19 µs (✅ 1.13x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	551.76 ms (✅ 1.01x faster)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	20.58 µs (🚀 1.85x faster)	20.56 µs (🚀 1.90x faster)

sandboxes

	create_uninitialized	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_initialized_and_drop
large	23.19 ms (🚀 2.81x faster)	25.36 ms (🚀 2.65x faster)	24.11 ms (🚀 2.74x faster)	35.71 ms (🚀 2.19x faster)
medium	7.12 ms (🚀 2.48x faster)	8.95 ms (🚀 2.17x faster)	7.40 ms (🚀 2.43x faster)	21.53 ms (✅ 1.43x faster)
small	1.85 ms (🚀 2.04x faster)	3.49 ms (✅ 1.42x faster)	2.01 ms (✅ 1.78x faster)	15.31 ms (✅ 1.02x faster)
default	383.66 µs (✅ 1.36x faster)	1.74 ms (✅ 1.04x faster)	417.82 µs (✅ 1.35x faster)	11.96 ms (✅ 1.03x slower)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	fill	copy_to_slice
64MB	4.35 ms (✅ 1.02x slower)	2.04 ms (✅ 1.16x faster)	4.02 ms (✅ 1.02x faster)
1MB	38.23 µs (✅ 1.03x faster)	27.21 µs (✅ 1.33x faster)	37.69 µs (✅ 1.02x faster)

snapshots

	restore	create
medium	15.48 µs (✅ 1.08x faster)	25.89 ms (✅ 1.35x faster)
large	34.91 µs (✅ 1.56x faster)	90.74 ms (✅ 1.54x faster)
small	10.97 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)	2.26 ms (✅ 1.56x faster)
default	9.80 µs (✅ 1.04x faster)	296.38 µs (✅ 1.33x faster)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_uninitialized/large — 🚀 2.81x faster
• Worst regression: function_call_serialization/serialize_function_call — ❌ 1.35x slower

kvm / intel (Linux) (✅ **1.01x slower** → 🚀 **13.07x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	serialize_function_call	deserialize_function_call
	5.47 ms (✅ 1.04x faster)	7.61 ms (✅ 1.64x faster)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	call	different_thread	interrupt_latency
medium	29.33 µs (✅ 1.28x faster)	33.79 µs (✅ 1.26x faster)	15.54 µs (✅ 1.25x faster)
small	29.32 µs (✅ 1.28x faster)	30.87 µs (✅ 1.23x faster)	15.58 µs (✅ 1.20x faster)
default	29.40 µs (✅ 1.27x faster)	30.38 µs (✅ 1.24x faster)	15.57 µs (✅ 1.23x faster)
				6.70 ms (✅ 1.01x slower)	11.20 µs (🚀 2.42x faster)
large	29.45 µs (✅ 1.19x faster)	65.78 µs (✅ 1.18x faster)	15.61 µs (✅ 1.23x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	528.62 ms (✅ 1.29x faster)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	26.28 µs (🚀 4.03x faster)	25.96 µs (🚀 4.28x faster)

sandboxes

	create_uninitialized	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_initialized_and_drop
large	64.31 ms (🚀 2.38x faster)	66.21 ms (🚀 2.35x faster)	64.80 ms (🚀 2.37x faster)	75.66 ms (🚀 2.23x faster)
medium	17.28 ms (🚀 2.35x faster)	18.74 ms (🚀 2.29x faster)	17.29 ms (🚀 2.33x faster)	28.43 ms (🚀 1.93x faster)
small	1.95 ms (🚀 1.83x faster)	3.25 ms (✅ 1.71x faster)	2.01 ms (🚀 1.82x faster)	15.18 ms (✅ 1.14x faster)
default	331.08 µs (✅ 1.48x faster)	1.50 ms (✅ 1.40x faster)	347.13 µs (✅ 1.55x faster)	11.37 ms (✅ 1.00x slower)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	fill	copy_to_slice
64MB	4.74 ms (🚀 2.37x faster)	2.42 ms (✅ 1.28x faster)	4.49 ms (✅ 1.24x faster)
1MB	41.08 µs (✅ 1.15x faster)	23.29 µs (✅ 1.55x faster)	36.86 µs (✅ 1.11x faster)

snapshots

	restore	create
medium	12.85 µs (✅ 1.34x faster)	35.72 ms (🚀 2.09x faster)
large	48.03 µs (🚀 13.07x faster)	156.85 ms (🚀 1.89x faster)
small	9.79 µs (✅ 1.18x faster)	2.30 ms (✅ 1.72x faster)
default	9.45 µs (✅ 1.18x faster)	249.93 µs (✅ 1.54x faster)

Summary

• Biggest gain: snapshots/restore/large — 🚀 13.07x faster
• Worst regression: guest_calls/different_thread — ✅ 1.01x slower

mshv3 / amd (Linux) (❌ *1.44x slower* → 🚀 **4.04x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	9.95 ms (❌ 1.44x slower)	6.35 ms (❌ 1.20x slower)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	call	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	60.31 µs (✅ 1.54x faster)	147.41 µs (✅ 1.11x faster)	37.31 µs (✅ 1.43x faster)
small	61.61 µs (✅ 1.49x faster)	151.95 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)	38.50 µs (✅ 1.44x faster)
large	62.69 µs (✅ 1.45x faster)	192.72 µs (✅ 1.24x faster)	39.34 µs (✅ 1.42x faster)
				49.18 µs (✅ 1.55x faster)	28.82 µs (✅ 1.72x faster)
medium	60.96 µs (✅ 1.46x faster)	145.43 µs (✅ 1.10x faster)	38.81 µs (✅ 1.45x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	72.93 ms (✅ 1.03x faster)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_rust	24K_in_8K_out_c
	57.69 µs (✅ 1.49x faster)	55.85 µs (✅ 1.45x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized	create_initialized
medium	45.18 ms (✅ 1.38x faster)	9.73 ms (🚀 2.67x faster)	9.32 ms (🚀 2.76x faster)	12.18 ms (🚀 2.33x faster)
small	34.58 ms (✅ 1.21x faster)	1.89 ms (🚀 2.16x faster)	1.72 ms (🚀 2.26x faster)	3.42 ms (✅ 1.69x faster)
large	79.60 ms (🚀 1.82x faster)	32.97 ms (🚀 2.94x faster)	31.04 ms (🚀 3.04x faster)	39.63 ms (🚀 2.60x faster)
default	32.80 ms (✅ 1.05x faster)	481.81 µs (✅ 1.33x faster)	429.09 µs (✅ 1.42x faster)	1.33 ms (✅ 1.15x faster)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
64MB	5.57 ms (✅ 1.01x faster)	4.63 ms (✅ 1.05x faster)	3.62 ms (✅ 1.03x faster)
1MB	41.82 µs (✅ 1.00x slower)	42.38 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)	41.27 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)

snapshots

	restore	create
default	83.88 µs (✅ 1.02x faster)	346.24 µs (✅ 1.48x faster)
large	826.97 µs (🚀 4.04x faster)	187.03 ms (✅ 1.28x faster)
medium	93.99 µs (✅ 1.31x faster)	46.82 ms (✅ 1.23x faster)
small	79.33 µs (✅ 1.13x faster)	2.32 ms (🚀 1.90x faster)

Summary

• Biggest gain: snapshots/restore/large — 🚀 4.04x faster
• Worst regression: function_call_serialization/deserialize_function_call — ❌ 1.44x slower

mshv3 / intel (Linux) (✅ **1.10x slower** → 🚀 **2.89x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	serialize_function_call	deserialize_function_call
	10.83 ms (✅ 1.03x slower)	14.05 ms (✅ 1.01x slower)

guest_calls

	call	interrupt_latency	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread
medium	69.83 µs (✅ 1.47x faster)		107.20 µs (✅ 1.59x faster)	237.39 µs (✅ 1.21x faster)
small	71.00 µs (✅ 1.48x faster)		107.27 µs (✅ 1.61x faster)	225.84 µs (✅ 1.22x faster)
		55.03 µs (✅ 1.57x faster)			80.02 µs (✅ 1.58x faster)
large	70.38 µs (✅ 1.45x faster)		107.95 µs (✅ 1.61x faster)	327.05 µs (✅ 1.25x faster)
default	70.04 µs (✅ 1.49x faster)		107.20 µs (✅ 1.57x faster)	224.42 µs (✅ 1.22x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	106.14 ms (✅ 1.21x faster)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_rust	24K_in_8K_out_c
	87.54 µs (✅ 1.64x faster)	85.27 µs (✅ 1.69x faster)

sandboxes

	create_uninitialized	create_initialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_initialized
large	60.02 ms (✅ 1.78x faster)	111.56 ms (✅ 1.39x faster)	62.53 ms (✅ 1.69x faster)	69.05 ms (✅ 1.63x faster)
default	349.77 µs (✅ 1.41x faster)	33.82 ms (✅ 1.02x slower)	377.95 µs (✅ 1.36x faster)	1.51 ms (✅ 1.11x faster)
medium	16.43 ms (✅ 1.72x faster)	57.32 ms (✅ 1.10x faster)	16.97 ms (✅ 1.66x faster)	20.23 ms (✅ 1.55x faster)
small	2.16 ms (🚀 2.02x faster)	41.98 ms (✅ 1.01x faster)	2.12 ms (🚀 2.12x faster)	4.86 ms (✅ 1.33x faster)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	fill	copy_to_slice
1MB	61.08 µs (✅ 1.02x faster)	34.88 µs (✅ 1.10x faster)	41.03 µs (✅ 1.06x slower)
64MB	11.74 ms (✅ 1.04x slower)	7.98 ms (✅ 1.10x slower)	9.26 ms (✅ 1.02x faster)

snapshots

	create	restore
default	339.63 µs (✅ 1.34x faster)	144.19 µs (✅ 1.10x faster)
large	153.22 ms (✅ 1.37x faster)	903.32 µs (🚀 2.89x faster)
small	3.63 ms (✅ 1.64x faster)	142.47 µs (✅ 1.10x faster)
medium	40.15 ms (✅ 1.37x faster)	162.57 µs (✅ 1.05x faster)

Summary

• Biggest gain: snapshots/restore/large — 🚀 2.89x faster
• Worst regression: shared_memory/fill/64MB — ✅ 1.10x slower

hyperv-ws2025 / amd (Windows) (❌ *3.62x slower* → 🚀 **1.82x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	9.19 ms (✅ 1.07x faster)	7.91 ms (✅ 1.08x faster)

guest_calls

	call	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	38.51 µs (✅ 1.03x faster)	63.37 µs (✅ 1.04x faster)	141.63 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)
large	39.78 µs (✅ 1.00x slower)	62.74 µs (✅ 1.05x faster)	300.59 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)
medium	39.50 µs (✅ 1.00x slower)	62.15 µs (✅ 1.02x faster)	165.90 µs (✅ 1.03x faster)
small	39.00 µs (✅ 1.00x slower)	63.98 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)	144.40 µs (✅ 1.03x faster)
				63.48 µs (✅ 1.20x faster)	108.89 µs (❌ 3.62x slower)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	2.98 s (✅ 1.11x faster)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	67.32 µs (✅ 1.13x faster)	61.18 µs (✅ 1.15x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized
default	5.16 ms (✅ 1.03x slower)	4.19 ms (✅ 1.02x faster)	1.02 ms (✅ 1.21x faster)	989.19 µs (✅ 1.53x faster)
large	239.42 ms (✅ 1.40x faster)	201.44 ms (✅ 1.49x faster)	224.50 ms (✅ 1.67x faster)	190.91 ms (🚀 1.82x faster)
medium	63.48 ms (✅ 1.34x faster)	54.11 ms (✅ 1.39x faster)	55.86 ms (✅ 1.70x faster)	49.09 ms (✅ 1.79x faster)
small	12.62 ms (✅ 1.23x faster)	10.71 ms (✅ 1.26x faster)	7.59 ms (✅ 1.67x faster)	6.88 ms (✅ 1.74x faster)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
1MB	42.30 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)	42.67 µs (✅ 1.04x faster)	41.57 µs (✅ 1.00x slower)
64MB	6.72 ms (✅ 1.24x faster)	7.43 ms (✅ 1.27x faster)	5.00 ms (✅ 1.24x faster)

snapshots

	create	restore
default	525.56 µs (✅ 1.38x faster)	73.14 µs (✅ 1.02x faster)
large	271.12 ms (✅ 1.40x faster)	41.58 ms (✅ 1.07x slower)
medium	66.81 ms (✅ 1.34x faster)	155.78 µs (❌ 1.33x slower)
small	8.64 ms (✅ 1.32x faster)	78.36 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_uninitialized/large — 🚀 1.82x faster
• Worst regression: guest_calls/interrupt_latency — ❌ 3.62x slower

hyperv-ws2025 / intel (Windows) (❌ *1.99x slower* → ✅ **1.38x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	14.60 ms (✅ 1.00x faster)	12.15 ms (✅ 1.04x slower)

guest_calls

	call	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	71.97 µs (✅ 1.03x faster)	110.09 µs (✅ 1.05x faster)	233.45 µs (✅ 1.04x faster)
large	73.38 µs (✅ 1.17x faster)	108.98 µs (✅ 1.02x faster)	601.14 µs (✅ 1.02x faster)
medium	73.88 µs (✅ 1.12x faster)	111.89 µs (✅ 1.18x faster)	298.61 µs (✅ 1.06x faster)
small	73.33 µs (✅ 1.09x faster)	111.44 µs (✅ 1.09x faster)	242.53 µs (✅ 1.05x faster)
				81.58 µs (✅ 1.37x faster)	131.74 µs (❌ 1.99x slower)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	4.63 s (✅ 1.01x faster)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	94.07 µs (✅ 1.26x faster)	96.45 µs (✅ 1.23x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized
default	6.64 ms (✅ 1.17x faster)	5.28 ms (✅ 1.11x faster)	1.04 ms (✅ 1.21x faster)	948.10 µs (✅ 1.18x faster)
large	326.60 ms (✅ 1.20x faster)	278.10 ms (✅ 1.17x faster)	310.56 ms (✅ 1.13x faster)	266.70 ms (✅ 1.15x faster)
medium	87.36 ms (✅ 1.19x faster)	74.84 ms (✅ 1.16x faster)	77.91 ms (✅ 1.12x faster)	67.74 ms (✅ 1.16x faster)
small	17.35 ms (✅ 1.20x faster)	14.80 ms (✅ 1.17x faster)	10.65 ms (✅ 1.15x faster)	9.35 ms (✅ 1.14x faster)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
1MB	77.10 µs (❌ 1.17x slower)	79.39 µs (❌ 1.14x slower)	33.01 µs (✅ 1.07x faster)
64MB	13.60 ms (✅ 1.05x faster)	15.70 ms (✅ 1.03x faster)	8.08 ms (✅ 1.24x faster)

snapshots

	create	restore
default	737.04 µs (✅ 1.38x faster)	142.60 µs (✅ 1.06x faster)
large	407.01 ms (✅ 1.17x faster)	54.53 ms (✅ 1.05x faster)
medium	101.35 ms (✅ 1.20x faster)	357.11 µs (✅ 1.04x faster)
small	12.83 ms (✅ 1.23x faster)	150.51 µs (✅ 1.04x faster)

Summary

• Biggest gain: snapshots/create/default — ✅ 1.38x faster
• Worst regression: guest_calls/interrupt_latency — ❌ 1.99x slower

[hyperlight-gh-bot]

Benchmark Results

kvm / amd (Linux) (❌ *1.81x slower* → 🚀 **2.37x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	serialize_function_call	deserialize_function_call
	7.93 ms (❌ 1.81x slower)	10.43 ms (❌ 1.21x slower)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	call	different_thread	interrupt_latency
medium	21.59 µs (✅ 1.02x faster)	69.42 µs (✅ 1.16x faster)	11.57 µs (✅ 1.10x faster)
small	23.91 µs (✅ 1.06x slower)	67.10 µs (✅ 1.06x faster)	12.89 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)
default	24.36 µs (✅ 1.05x slower)	62.67 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)	12.78 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)
				9.62 ms (❌ 1.45x slower)	33.57 µs (❌ 1.65x slower)
large	23.89 µs (✅ 1.05x slower)	89.99 µs (✅ 1.15x faster)	13.09 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	597.95 ms (✅ 1.07x slower)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	22.52 µs (✅ 1.69x faster)	22.90 µs (✅ 1.72x faster)

sandboxes

	create_uninitialized	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_initialized_and_drop
large	28.14 ms (🚀 2.31x faster)	28.28 ms (🚀 2.37x faster)	30.18 ms (🚀 2.19x faster)	37.66 ms (🚀 2.08x faster)
medium	8.55 ms (🚀 2.06x faster)	11.12 ms (✅ 1.74x faster)	9.32 ms (🚀 1.93x faster)	23.24 ms (✅ 1.32x faster)
small	2.16 ms (✅ 1.74x faster)	3.61 ms (✅ 1.38x faster)	2.32 ms (✅ 1.54x faster)	19.03 ms (❌ 1.21x slower)
default	400.10 µs (✅ 1.29x faster)	1.87 ms (✅ 1.03x slower)	443.99 µs (✅ 1.27x faster)	17.38 ms (❌ 1.50x slower)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	fill	copy_to_slice
64MB	4.67 ms (✅ 1.10x slower)	2.73 ms (✅ 1.09x slower)	5.03 ms (❌ 1.23x slower)
1MB	39.93 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)	28.23 µs (✅ 1.27x faster)	39.70 µs (✅ 1.05x slower)

snapshots

	restore	create
medium	14.61 µs (✅ 1.06x faster)	25.58 ms (✅ 1.37x faster)
large	35.94 µs (✅ 1.47x faster)	102.18 ms (✅ 1.37x faster)
small	10.49 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)	2.52 ms (✅ 1.39x faster)
default	9.67 µs (✅ 1.05x faster)	306.56 µs (✅ 1.27x faster)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_initialized/large — 🚀 2.37x faster
• Worst regression: function_call_serialization/serialize_function_call — ❌ 1.81x slower

kvm / intel (Linux) (❌ *1.92x slower* → 🚀 **8.06x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	serialize_function_call	deserialize_function_call
	6.42 ms (❌ 1.13x slower)	9.33 ms (✅ 1.34x faster)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	call	different_thread	interrupt_latency
medium	37.56 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)	41.31 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)	19.60 µs (✅ 1.00x slower)
small	34.30 µs (✅ 1.09x faster)	35.21 µs (✅ 1.05x faster)	19.57 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)
default	37.20 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)	36.61 µs (✅ 1.02x faster)	19.70 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)
				12.68 ms (❌ 1.91x slower)	13.16 µs (🚀 2.06x faster)
large	37.43 µs (✅ 1.06x slower)	77.42 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)	18.11 µs (✅ 1.06x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	605.29 ms (✅ 1.13x faster)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	30.42 µs (🚀 3.47x faster)	31.59 µs (🚀 3.47x faster)

sandboxes

	create_uninitialized	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_initialized_and_drop
large	65.80 ms (🚀 2.33x faster)	71.09 ms (🚀 2.19x faster)	67.25 ms (🚀 2.29x faster)	80.61 ms (🚀 2.09x faster)
medium	17.75 ms (🚀 2.29x faster)	20.09 ms (🚀 2.14x faster)	17.92 ms (🚀 2.25x faster)	36.43 ms (✅ 1.51x faster)
small	2.12 ms (✅ 1.68x faster)	3.73 ms (✅ 1.49x faster)	2.20 ms (✅ 1.66x faster)	22.32 ms (❌ 1.29x slower)
default	377.60 µs (✅ 1.29x faster)	2.05 ms (✅ 1.02x faster)	396.91 µs (✅ 1.35x faster)	21.69 ms (❌ 1.92x slower)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	fill	copy_to_slice
64MB	5.24 ms (🚀 2.15x faster)	2.83 ms (✅ 1.09x faster)	4.24 ms (✅ 1.31x faster)
1MB	47.60 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)	26.31 µs (✅ 1.35x faster)	41.96 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)

snapshots

	restore	create
medium	14.96 µs (✅ 1.13x faster)	42.56 ms (✅ 1.76x faster)
large	63.89 µs (🚀 8.06x faster)	163.46 ms (🚀 1.81x faster)
small	11.27 µs (✅ 1.03x faster)	2.55 ms (✅ 1.56x faster)
default	10.92 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)	290.35 µs (✅ 1.32x faster)

Summary

• Biggest gain: snapshots/restore/large — 🚀 8.06x faster
• Worst regression: sandboxes/create_initialized_and_drop/default — ❌ 1.92x slower

mshv3 / amd (Linux) (❌ *2.29x slower* → 🚀 **2.72x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	11.64 ms (❌ 1.68x slower)	8.25 ms (❌ 1.56x slower)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	call	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	69.47 µs (✅ 1.32x faster)	154.59 µs (✅ 1.06x faster)	39.35 µs (✅ 1.34x faster)
small	75.77 µs (✅ 1.20x faster)	163.98 µs (✅ 1.08x slower)	44.49 µs (✅ 1.25x faster)
large	63.26 µs (✅ 1.32x faster)	222.78 µs (✅ 1.05x faster)	40.02 µs (✅ 1.37x faster)
				61.24 µs (✅ 1.22x faster)	49.93 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)
medium	73.45 µs (✅ 1.21x faster)	172.60 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)	42.74 µs (✅ 1.31x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	85.20 ms (❌ 1.14x slower)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_rust	24K_in_8K_out_c
	62.98 µs (✅ 1.36x faster)	60.67 µs (✅ 1.33x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized	create_initialized
medium	96.00 ms (❌ 1.54x slower)	11.15 ms (🚀 2.33x faster)	10.75 ms (🚀 2.39x faster)	12.93 ms (🚀 2.19x faster)
small	96.04 ms (❌ 2.29x slower)	2.80 ms (✅ 1.45x faster)	2.64 ms (✅ 1.47x faster)	4.24 ms (✅ 1.37x faster)
large	177.32 ms (❌ 1.23x slower)	35.57 ms (🚀 2.72x faster)	34.82 ms (🚀 2.71x faster)	40.96 ms (🚀 2.51x faster)
default	49.08 ms (❌ 1.42x slower)	518.24 µs (✅ 1.24x faster)	472.07 µs (✅ 1.29x faster)	1.57 ms (✅ 1.03x slower)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
64MB	5.73 ms (✅ 1.02x slower)	5.29 ms (✅ 1.09x slower)	4.00 ms (✅ 1.07x slower)
1MB	42.88 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)	42.61 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)	41.46 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)

snapshots

	restore	create
default	83.89 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)	364.26 µs (✅ 1.40x faster)
large	1.62 ms (🚀 2.06x faster)	192.74 ms (✅ 1.25x faster)
medium	102.21 µs (✅ 1.05x faster)	48.79 ms (✅ 1.18x faster)
small	86.94 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)	3.08 ms (✅ 1.43x faster)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_uninitialized_and_drop/large — 🚀 2.72x faster
• Worst regression: sandboxes/create_initialized_and_drop/small — ❌ 2.29x slower

mshv3 / intel (Linux) (❌ *2.15x slower* → ✅ **1.70x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	serialize_function_call	deserialize_function_call
	11.58 ms (✅ 1.11x slower)	14.01 ms (✅ 1.01x slower)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	different_thread	call	call_with_restore	interrupt_latency
medium	115.75 µs (✅ 1.46x faster)		76.45 µs (✅ 1.35x faster)	261.89 µs (✅ 1.07x faster)
		87.15 µs (✅ 1.44x faster)			56.25 µs (✅ 1.53x faster)
default	119.01 µs (✅ 1.42x faster)		76.75 µs (✅ 1.38x faster)	242.38 µs (✅ 1.15x faster)
large	109.07 µs (✅ 1.53x faster)		77.11 µs (✅ 1.32x faster)	349.08 µs (✅ 1.18x faster)
small	120.36 µs (✅ 1.45x faster)		74.63 µs (✅ 1.41x faster)	245.22 µs (✅ 1.13x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	109.76 ms (✅ 1.17x faster)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_rust	24K_in_8K_out_c
	95.61 µs (✅ 1.52x faster)	94.32 µs (✅ 1.53x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_initialized	create_uninitialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop
small	58.56 ms (❌ 1.39x slower)	4.82 ms (✅ 1.34x faster)	2.56 ms (✅ 1.70x faster)	2.93 ms (✅ 1.53x faster)
medium	136.36 ms (❌ 2.15x slower)	19.88 ms (✅ 1.58x faster)	17.29 ms (✅ 1.63x faster)	17.38 ms (✅ 1.62x faster)
large	248.72 ms (❌ 1.60x slower)	69.47 ms (✅ 1.62x faster)	63.30 ms (✅ 1.69x faster)	64.03 ms (✅ 1.65x faster)
default	47.02 ms (❌ 1.42x slower)	1.42 ms (✅ 1.17x faster)	363.36 µs (✅ 1.36x faster)	376.91 µs (✅ 1.36x faster)

shared_memory

	fill	copy_to_slice	copy_from_slice
64MB	7.27 ms (✅ 1.00x slower)	8.14 ms (✅ 1.16x faster)	10.41 ms (✅ 1.09x faster)
1MB	35.25 µs (✅ 1.08x faster)	41.70 µs (✅ 1.09x slower)	73.74 µs (❌ 1.18x slower)

snapshots

	create	restore
medium	40.44 ms (✅ 1.36x faster)	178.80 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)
small	3.75 ms (✅ 1.59x faster)	158.93 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)
default	350.84 µs (✅ 1.31x faster)	161.20 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)
large	159.90 ms (✅ 1.32x faster)	3.27 ms (❌ 1.25x slower)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_uninitialized/small — ✅ 1.70x faster
• Worst regression: sandboxes/create_initialized_and_drop/medium — ❌ 2.15x slower

hyperv-ws2025 / amd (Windows) (❌ *6.07x slower* → ✅ **1.44x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	12.11 ms (❌ 1.24x slower)	10.89 ms (❌ 1.27x slower)

guest_calls

	call	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	51.23 µs (❌ 1.30x slower)	75.36 µs (❌ 1.14x slower)	189.08 µs (❌ 1.36x slower)
large	50.14 µs (❌ 1.31x slower)	89.49 µs (❌ 1.26x slower)	470.07 µs (❌ 1.77x slower)
medium	53.66 µs (❌ 1.41x slower)	79.85 µs (❌ 1.23x slower)	229.59 µs (❌ 1.52x slower)
small	50.90 µs (❌ 1.32x slower)	97.99 µs (❌ 1.44x slower)	186.37 µs (❌ 1.32x slower)
				79.48 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)	182.44 µs (❌ 6.07x slower)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	4.34 s (❌ 1.32x slower)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	91.87 µs (❌ 1.28x slower)	96.21 µs (❌ 1.25x slower)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized
default	6.68 ms (❌ 1.33x slower)	5.65 ms (❌ 1.33x slower)	1.30 ms (✅ 1.08x slower)	1.22 ms (✅ 1.22x faster)
large	305.40 ms (✅ 1.10x faster)	243.02 ms (✅ 1.23x faster)	318.34 ms (✅ 1.18x faster)	245.23 ms (✅ 1.42x faster)
medium	91.01 ms (✅ 1.07x slower)	75.32 ms (✅ 1.00x faster)	76.26 ms (✅ 1.24x faster)	60.96 ms (✅ 1.44x faster)
small	16.81 ms (✅ 1.09x slower)	13.38 ms (✅ 1.01x faster)	10.43 ms (✅ 1.22x faster)	8.77 ms (✅ 1.37x faster)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
1MB	49.66 µs (❌ 1.14x slower)	50.93 µs (❌ 1.22x slower)	43.32 µs (✅ 1.05x slower)
64MB	9.79 ms (❌ 1.17x slower)	12.70 ms (❌ 1.34x slower)	7.48 ms (❌ 1.21x slower)

snapshots

	create	restore
default	679.35 µs (✅ 1.10x faster)	93.85 µs (❌ 1.28x slower)
large	336.52 ms (✅ 1.13x faster)	65.75 ms (❌ 1.68x slower)
medium	86.46 ms (✅ 1.04x faster)	375.55 µs (❌ 4.22x slower)
small	10.75 ms (✅ 1.06x faster)	108.84 µs (❌ 1.49x slower)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_uninitialized/medium — ✅ 1.44x faster
• Worst regression: guest_calls/interrupt_latency — ❌ 6.07x slower

hyperv-ws2025 / intel (Windows) (❌ *5.82x slower* → ✅ **1.29x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	15.79 ms (✅ 1.08x slower)	12.93 ms (✅ 1.10x slower)

guest_calls

	call	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	90.77 µs (❌ 1.23x slower)	151.28 µs (❌ 1.33x slower)	260.72 µs (✅ 1.09x slower)
large	97.07 µs (❌ 1.12x slower)	153.85 µs (❌ 1.39x slower)	794.05 µs (❌ 1.46x slower)
medium	90.89 µs (✅ 1.09x slower)	146.21 µs (❌ 1.14x slower)	368.69 µs (❌ 1.25x slower)
small	90.27 µs (❌ 1.14x slower)	148.76 µs (❌ 1.25x slower)	282.50 µs (❌ 1.17x slower)
				115.18 µs (✅ 1.06x slower)	153.17 µs (❌ 2.31x slower)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	5.19 s (✅ 1.11x slower)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	114.38 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)	100.26 µs (✅ 1.17x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized
default	8.89 ms (❌ 1.15x slower)	6.96 ms (❌ 1.19x slower)	1.33 ms (✅ 1.03x slower)	1.04 ms (✅ 1.07x faster)
large	394.42 ms (✅ 1.00x slower)	311.65 ms (✅ 1.05x faster)	411.48 ms (❌ 1.17x slower)	318.03 ms (✅ 1.04x slower)
medium	111.36 ms (✅ 1.07x slower)	85.13 ms (✅ 1.02x faster)	104.76 ms (❌ 1.20x slower)	75.19 ms (✅ 1.05x faster)
small	22.68 ms (✅ 1.09x slower)	17.66 ms (✅ 1.02x slower)	14.99 ms (❌ 1.23x slower)	11.30 ms (✅ 1.06x slower)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
1MB	67.78 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)	71.75 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)	41.64 µs (✅ 1.08x slower)
64MB	14.64 ms (✅ 1.03x slower)	19.45 ms (❌ 1.20x slower)	10.60 ms (✅ 1.06x slower)

snapshots

	create	restore
default	776.27 µs (✅ 1.29x faster)	148.86 µs (✅ 1.04x faster)
large	429.48 ms (✅ 1.11x faster)	77.77 ms (❌ 1.36x slower)
medium	112.07 ms (✅ 1.09x faster)	5.24 ms (❌ 5.82x slower)
small	14.15 ms (✅ 1.11x faster)	168.88 µs (❌ 1.26x slower)

Summary

• Biggest gain: snapshots/create/default — ✅ 1.29x faster
• Worst regression: snapshots/restore/medium — ❌ 5.82x slower

[hyperlight-gh-bot]

Benchmark Results

kvm / amd (Linux) (❌ *1.77x slower* → 🚀 **2.48x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	serialize_function_call	deserialize_function_call
	7.74 ms (❌ 1.77x slower)	10.21 ms (❌ 1.19x slower)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	call	different_thread	interrupt_latency
medium	23.52 µs (✅ 1.06x slower)	70.89 µs (✅ 1.15x faster)	12.76 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)
small	23.48 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)	67.80 µs (✅ 1.04x faster)	12.62 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)
default	20.57 µs (✅ 1.11x faster)	62.47 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)	12.73 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)
				10.35 ms (❌ 1.56x slower)	22.37 µs (✅ 1.10x slower)
large	24.29 µs (✅ 1.06x slower)	88.44 µs (✅ 1.18x faster)	11.50 µs (✅ 1.10x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	594.35 ms (✅ 1.07x slower)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	22.44 µs (✅ 1.68x faster)	22.40 µs (✅ 1.75x faster)

sandboxes

	create_uninitialized	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_initialized_and_drop
large	28.18 ms (🚀 2.31x faster)	27.01 ms (🚀 2.48x faster)	28.77 ms (🚀 2.29x faster)	38.83 ms (🚀 2.02x faster)
medium	8.74 ms (🚀 2.02x faster)	9.73 ms (🚀 1.99x faster)	8.85 ms (🚀 2.03x faster)	24.04 ms (✅ 1.28x faster)
small	2.19 ms (✅ 1.72x faster)	4.16 ms (✅ 1.19x faster)	2.30 ms (✅ 1.56x faster)	19.63 ms (❌ 1.25x slower)
default	399.52 µs (✅ 1.29x faster)	2.37 ms (❌ 1.30x slower)	444.05 µs (✅ 1.27x faster)	18.98 ms (❌ 1.63x slower)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	fill	copy_to_slice
64MB	4.60 ms (✅ 1.08x slower)	2.82 ms (❌ 1.12x slower)	4.81 ms (❌ 1.18x slower)
1MB	40.00 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)	28.05 µs (✅ 1.30x faster)	41.07 µs (✅ 1.09x slower)

snapshots

	restore	create
medium	16.52 µs (✅ 1.03x faster)	29.31 ms (✅ 1.19x faster)
large	36.02 µs (✅ 1.51x faster)	101.77 ms (✅ 1.38x faster)
small	11.88 µs (❌ 1.12x slower)	2.87 ms (✅ 1.22x faster)
default	11.36 µs (✅ 1.10x slower)	309.44 µs (✅ 1.25x faster)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_initialized/large — 🚀 2.48x faster
• Worst regression: function_call_serialization/serialize_function_call — ❌ 1.77x slower

kvm / intel (Linux) (❌ *2.04x slower* → 🚀 **12.49x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	serialize_function_call	deserialize_function_call
	5.89 ms (✅ 1.03x slower)	7.05 ms (✅ 1.77x faster)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	call	different_thread	interrupt_latency
medium	32.61 µs (✅ 1.16x faster)	34.16 µs (✅ 1.24x faster)	17.11 µs (✅ 1.14x faster)
small	30.16 µs (✅ 1.24x faster)	31.53 µs (✅ 1.21x faster)	15.83 µs (✅ 1.17x faster)
default	32.50 µs (✅ 1.15x faster)	32.32 µs (✅ 1.17x faster)	17.10 µs (✅ 1.12x faster)
				10.90 ms (❌ 1.64x slower)	11.57 µs (🚀 2.34x faster)
large	33.21 µs (✅ 1.06x faster)	69.87 µs (✅ 1.12x faster)	17.19 µs (✅ 1.12x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	549.88 ms (✅ 1.24x faster)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	27.05 µs (🚀 3.91x faster)	27.75 µs (🚀 3.99x faster)

sandboxes

	create_uninitialized	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_initialized_and_drop
large	65.79 ms (🚀 2.33x faster)	66.27 ms (🚀 2.35x faster)	63.49 ms (🚀 2.42x faster)	76.65 ms (🚀 2.20x faster)
medium	17.26 ms (🚀 2.35x faster)	19.32 ms (🚀 2.23x faster)	17.39 ms (🚀 2.32x faster)	35.75 ms (✅ 1.54x faster)
small	2.01 ms (✅ 1.78x faster)	3.26 ms (✅ 1.70x faster)	2.04 ms (✅ 1.80x faster)	22.00 ms (❌ 1.27x slower)
default	331.83 µs (✅ 1.44x faster)	1.56 ms (✅ 1.34x faster)	352.22 µs (✅ 1.52x faster)	23.12 ms (❌ 2.04x slower)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	fill	copy_to_slice
64MB	4.84 ms (🚀 2.33x faster)	2.65 ms (✅ 1.17x faster)	3.86 ms (✅ 1.44x faster)
1MB	41.61 µs (✅ 1.13x faster)	23.43 µs (✅ 1.54x faster)	36.92 µs (✅ 1.10x faster)

snapshots

	restore	create
medium	13.08 µs (✅ 1.29x faster)	39.72 ms (🚀 1.88x faster)
large	47.91 µs (🚀 12.49x faster)	162.64 ms (🚀 1.82x faster)
small	9.73 µs (✅ 1.19x faster)	2.28 ms (✅ 1.74x faster)
default	9.56 µs (✅ 1.16x faster)	259.27 µs (✅ 1.48x faster)

Summary

• Biggest gain: snapshots/restore/large — 🚀 12.49x faster
• Worst regression: sandboxes/create_initialized_and_drop/default — ❌ 2.04x slower

mshv3 / amd (Linux) (❌ *1.87x slower* → 🚀 **2.73x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	12.94 ms (❌ 1.87x slower)	8.93 ms (❌ 1.69x slower)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	call	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	71.73 µs (✅ 1.29x faster)	158.08 µs (✅ 1.03x faster)	44.47 µs (✅ 1.19x faster)
small	68.49 µs (✅ 1.32x faster)	156.53 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)	42.50 µs (✅ 1.31x faster)
large	66.33 µs (✅ 1.36x faster)	228.71 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)	40.94 µs (✅ 1.37x faster)
				54.08 µs (✅ 1.44x faster)	48.05 µs (✅ 1.03x faster)
medium	72.28 µs (✅ 1.20x faster)	171.50 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)	44.31 µs (✅ 1.27x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	85.66 ms (❌ 1.14x slower)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_rust	24K_in_8K_out_c
	66.43 µs (✅ 1.28x faster)	65.48 µs (✅ 1.23x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized	create_initialized
medium	73.72 ms (❌ 1.18x slower)	11.22 ms (🚀 2.32x faster)	10.72 ms (🚀 2.40x faster)	13.94 ms (🚀 2.03x faster)
small	59.40 ms (❌ 1.42x slower)	3.09 ms (✅ 1.32x faster)	2.55 ms (✅ 1.52x faster)	4.36 ms (✅ 1.33x faster)
large	206.60 ms (❌ 1.43x slower)	36.00 ms (🚀 2.69x faster)	34.62 ms (🚀 2.73x faster)	40.25 ms (🚀 2.56x faster)
default	47.54 ms (❌ 1.38x slower)	521.83 µs (✅ 1.22x faster)	463.94 µs (✅ 1.32x faster)	1.59 ms (✅ 1.04x slower)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
64MB	5.45 ms (✅ 1.03x faster)	5.60 ms (❌ 1.15x slower)	4.48 ms (❌ 1.20x slower)
1MB	42.59 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)	42.50 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)	41.57 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)

snapshots

	restore	create
default	76.56 µs (✅ 1.09x faster)	359.66 µs (✅ 1.41x faster)
large	1.84 ms (🚀 1.82x faster)	194.27 ms (✅ 1.24x faster)
medium	104.84 µs (✅ 1.13x faster)	52.10 ms (✅ 1.10x faster)
small	85.51 µs (✅ 1.02x faster)	3.07 ms (✅ 1.44x faster)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_uninitialized/large — 🚀 2.73x faster
• Worst regression: function_call_serialization/deserialize_function_call — ❌ 1.87x slower

mshv3 / intel (Linux) (❌ *1.43x slower* → 🚀 **2.26x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	serialize_function_call	deserialize_function_call
	10.85 ms (✅ 1.04x slower)	13.54 ms (✅ 1.02x faster)

guest_calls

	interrupt_latency	call_with_host_function	different_thread	call	call_with_restore
	56.24 µs (✅ 1.53x faster)		86.62 µs (✅ 1.46x faster)
small		113.53 µs (✅ 1.52x faster)		72.85 µs (✅ 1.44x faster)	238.20 µs (✅ 1.16x faster)
medium		114.86 µs (✅ 1.49x faster)		73.29 µs (✅ 1.40x faster)	257.00 µs (✅ 1.13x faster)
default		110.29 µs (✅ 1.54x faster)		73.36 µs (✅ 1.40x faster)	243.60 µs (✅ 1.14x faster)
large		111.67 µs (✅ 1.54x faster)		75.76 µs (✅ 1.35x faster)	349.54 µs (✅ 1.19x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	110.96 ms (✅ 1.16x faster)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	89.81 µs (✅ 1.60x faster)	91.85 µs (✅ 1.59x faster)

sandboxes

	create_uninitialized	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_initialized_and_drop
medium	16.12 ms (✅ 1.75x faster)	19.92 ms (✅ 1.58x faster)	16.97 ms (✅ 1.66x faster)	74.00 ms (❌ 1.17x slower)
default	356.09 µs (✅ 1.38x faster)	1.37 ms (✅ 1.22x faster)	363.55 µs (✅ 1.40x faster)	47.02 ms (❌ 1.42x slower)
small	1.93 ms (🚀 2.26x faster)	4.78 ms (✅ 1.36x faster)	2.06 ms (🚀 2.18x faster)	58.00 ms (❌ 1.37x slower)
large	61.99 ms (✅ 1.72x faster)	69.29 ms (✅ 1.62x faster)	60.42 ms (✅ 1.75x faster)	221.92 ms (❌ 1.43x slower)

shared_memory

	fill	copy_to_slice	copy_from_slice
1MB	34.80 µs (✅ 1.09x faster)	41.25 µs (✅ 1.08x slower)	68.78 µs (✅ 1.10x slower)
64MB	6.48 ms (✅ 1.12x faster)	8.13 ms (✅ 1.16x faster)	10.98 ms (✅ 1.03x faster)

snapshots

	restore	create
small	160.74 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)	3.43 ms (✅ 1.74x faster)
default	155.89 µs (✅ 1.02x faster)	352.93 µs (✅ 1.29x faster)
medium	176.20 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)	39.31 ms (✅ 1.40x faster)
large	1.56 ms (✅ 1.67x faster)	155.95 ms (✅ 1.35x faster)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_uninitialized/small — 🚀 2.26x faster
• Worst regression: sandboxes/create_initialized_and_drop/large — ❌ 1.43x slower

hyperv-ws2025 / amd (Windows) (❌ *7.91x slower* → ✅ **1.21x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	13.83 ms (❌ 1.41x slower)	11.56 ms (❌ 1.35x slower)

guest_calls

	call	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	73.54 µs (❌ 1.86x slower)	134.16 µs (❌ 2.15x slower)	286.50 µs (❌ 2.29x slower)
large	61.99 µs (❌ 1.84x slower)	98.84 µs (❌ 1.57x slower)	665.41 µs (❌ 2.52x slower)
medium	75.89 µs (❌ 1.92x slower)	102.43 µs (❌ 2.00x slower)	325.30 µs (❌ 2.20x slower)
small	78.54 µs (❌ 2.05x slower)	131.07 µs (❌ 2.09x slower)	264.79 µs (❌ 1.85x slower)
				98.96 µs (❌ 1.45x slower)	179.26 µs (❌ 5.96x slower)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	6.52 s (❌ 1.98x slower)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	111.94 µs (❌ 1.66x slower)	97.39 µs (❌ 1.37x slower)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized
default	8.70 ms (❌ 1.73x slower)	7.27 ms (❌ 1.71x slower)	1.59 ms (❌ 1.30x slower)	1.46 ms (✅ 1.04x slower)
large	380.35 ms (❌ 1.13x slower)	316.66 ms (✅ 1.06x slower)	308.29 ms (✅ 1.21x faster)	309.46 ms (✅ 1.12x faster)
medium	104.00 ms (❌ 1.23x slower)	94.00 ms (❌ 1.25x slower)	99.99 ms (✅ 1.05x slower)	79.09 ms (✅ 1.11x faster)
small	23.12 ms (❌ 1.49x slower)	20.36 ms (❌ 1.51x slower)	14.07 ms (✅ 1.11x slower)	13.98 ms (❌ 1.17x slower)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
1MB	54.07 µs (❌ 1.47x slower)	50.15 µs (❌ 1.18x slower)	47.43 µs (❌ 1.14x slower)
64MB	14.12 ms (❌ 1.69x slower)	17.70 ms (❌ 1.87x slower)	10.78 ms (❌ 1.74x slower)

snapshots

	create	restore
default	617.75 µs (✅ 1.14x faster)	123.84 µs (❌ 1.78x slower)
large	350.90 ms (✅ 1.08x faster)	58.94 ms (❌ 1.51x slower)
medium	114.06 ms (❌ 1.27x slower)	2.09 ms (❌ 7.91x slower)
small	14.90 ms (❌ 1.31x slower)	142.30 µs (❌ 2.10x slower)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_uninitialized_and_drop/large — ✅ 1.21x faster
• Worst regression: snapshots/restore/medium — ❌ 7.91x slower

hyperv-ws2025 / intel (Windows) (❌ *10.73x slower* → ✅ **1.46x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	19.80 ms (❌ 1.35x slower)	16.92 ms (❌ 1.44x slower)

guest_calls

	call	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	76.60 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)	136.68 µs (❌ 1.21x slower)	203.37 µs (✅ 1.16x faster)
large	74.48 µs (✅ 1.13x faster)	126.10 µs (✅ 1.09x slower)	880.94 µs (❌ 2.10x slower)
medium	78.40 µs (✅ 1.07x faster)	119.44 µs (✅ 1.05x faster)	300.16 µs (✅ 1.09x slower)
small	75.73 µs (✅ 1.06x faster)	129.29 µs (❌ 1.12x slower)	228.35 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)
				77.91 µs (✅ 1.46x faster)	154.04 µs (❌ 2.32x slower)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	5.99 s (❌ 1.28x slower)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	97.37 µs (✅ 1.21x faster)	109.86 µs (✅ 1.06x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized
default	8.76 ms (❌ 1.13x slower)	7.30 ms (❌ 1.25x slower)	1.62 ms (❌ 1.31x slower)	1.27 ms (❌ 1.16x slower)
large	514.43 ms (❌ 1.31x slower)	371.25 ms (❌ 1.14x slower)	520.44 ms (❌ 1.48x slower)	372.12 ms (❌ 1.21x slower)
medium	143.50 ms (❌ 1.38x slower)	101.60 ms (❌ 1.17x slower)	131.91 ms (❌ 1.51x slower)	90.68 ms (❌ 1.15x slower)
small	28.55 ms (❌ 1.38x slower)	19.75 ms (❌ 1.14x slower)	19.50 ms (❌ 1.59x slower)	12.88 ms (❌ 1.21x slower)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
1MB	57.90 µs (✅ 1.07x faster)	60.70 µs (✅ 1.12x faster)	29.56 µs (✅ 1.20x faster)
64MB	18.94 ms (❌ 1.33x slower)	29.54 ms (❌ 1.82x slower)	15.68 ms (❌ 1.57x slower)

snapshots

	create	restore
default	992.85 µs (✅ 1.03x faster)	109.68 µs (✅ 1.27x faster)
large	528.44 ms (✅ 1.11x slower)	101.05 ms (❌ 1.76x slower)
medium	140.01 ms (❌ 1.15x slower)	9.66 ms (❌ 10.73x slower)
small	17.24 ms (✅ 1.10x slower)	125.59 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)

Summary

• Biggest gain: guest_calls/different_thread — ✅ 1.46x faster
• Worst regression: snapshots/restore/medium — ❌ 10.73x slower

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

This PR introduces a new hyperlight-ci workspace crate to host CI/dev helper commands (benchmark runner + report generator), and wires it into GitHub Actions so PR benchmarks run in a matrix and get aggregated into a bot-posted PR comment.

Changes:

• Add a new hyperlight-ci binary with bench and bench-report subcommands (criterion-swarm execution + criterion-markdown rendering).
• Add a cargo ci ... alias and update Justfile benchmark targets to use it.
• Extend PR validation workflows to run benchmarks, upload per-matrix markdown reports, and combine them into a single artifact for hyperlight-gh-bot.

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 10 out of 11 changed files in this pull request and generated 3 comments.

Show a summary per file

File	Description
src/hyperlight_ci/src/main.rs	New CLI entrypoint with bench / bench-report subcommands.
src/hyperlight_ci/src/bench.rs	Implements the benchmark runner using criterion-swarm and output mode flags.
src/hyperlight_ci/src/bench_report.rs	Generates markdown reports from existing target/criterion results.
src/hyperlight_ci/Cargo.toml	New crate manifest and dependencies for the CI tool.
Justfile	Switch benchmark recipes to cargo ci bench ....
Cargo.toml	Adds src/hyperlight_ci to the workspace members.
Cargo.lock	Locks new dependencies (criterion-swarm/criterion-markdown/etc.) and adds hyperlight-ci.
.github/workflows/ValidatePullRequest.yml	Adds benchmark matrix job + aggregation job producing the PR comment artifact.
.github/workflows/dep_benchmarks.yml	Generates and uploads a benchmark.md report artifact per matrix entry.
.github/hyperlight-bot.yml	Configures hyperlight-gh-bot to post the aggregated benchmark comment.
.cargo/config.toml	Adds cargo ci alias to run hyperlight-ci.

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

Copilot reviewed 10 out of 11 changed files in this pull request and generated 2 comments.

[hyperlight-gh-bot]

Benchmark Results

kvm / amd (Linux) (❌ *1.77x slower* → 🚀 **2.45x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	serialize_function_call	deserialize_function_call
	7.72 ms (❌ 1.77x slower)	10.17 ms (❌ 1.19x slower)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	call	different_thread	interrupt_latency
medium	23.76 µs (✅ 1.06x slower)	68.85 µs (✅ 1.14x faster)	12.84 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)
small	20.77 µs (✅ 1.11x faster)	66.06 µs (✅ 1.06x faster)	11.40 µs (✅ 1.08x faster)
default	24.17 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)	62.81 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)	12.90 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)
				10.02 ms (❌ 1.51x slower)	22.74 µs (❌ 1.12x slower)
large	23.60 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)	89.08 µs (✅ 1.18x faster)	12.87 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	592.09 ms (✅ 1.06x slower)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	22.27 µs (✅ 1.70x faster)	22.25 µs (✅ 1.75x faster)

sandboxes

	create_uninitialized	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_initialized_and_drop
large	28.64 ms (🚀 2.27x faster)	27.44 ms (🚀 2.45x faster)	29.43 ms (🚀 2.24x faster)	39.09 ms (🚀 2.00x faster)
medium	8.64 ms (🚀 2.04x faster)	9.96 ms (🚀 1.95x faster)	9.03 ms (🚀 1.99x faster)	23.02 ms (✅ 1.33x faster)
small	2.23 ms (✅ 1.69x faster)	3.83 ms (✅ 1.30x faster)	2.41 ms (✅ 1.48x faster)	18.36 ms (❌ 1.17x slower)
default	408.10 µs (✅ 1.26x faster)	1.95 ms (✅ 1.07x slower)	451.93 µs (✅ 1.25x faster)	18.31 ms (❌ 1.58x slower)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	fill	copy_to_slice
64MB	4.71 ms (✅ 1.10x slower)	2.67 ms (✅ 1.06x slower)	4.37 ms (✅ 1.07x slower)
1MB	39.11 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)	28.07 µs (✅ 1.30x faster)	38.45 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)

snapshots

	restore	create
medium	14.50 µs (✅ 1.13x faster)	29.53 ms (✅ 1.18x faster)
large	36.51 µs (✅ 1.50x faster)	100.14 ms (✅ 1.40x faster)
small	10.95 µs (✅ 1.05x slower)	2.96 ms (✅ 1.19x faster)
default	10.25 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)	309.61 µs (✅ 1.29x faster)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_initialized/large — 🚀 2.45x faster
• Worst regression: function_call_serialization/serialize_function_call — ❌ 1.77x slower

kvm / intel (Linux) (❌ *1.79x slower* → 🚀 **13.07x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	serialize_function_call	deserialize_function_call
	5.63 ms (✅ 1.01x faster)	8.47 ms (✅ 1.47x faster)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	call	different_thread	interrupt_latency
medium	32.58 µs (✅ 1.15x faster)	34.58 µs (✅ 1.24x faster)	17.07 µs (✅ 1.14x faster)
small	32.95 µs (✅ 1.13x faster)	31.90 µs (✅ 1.19x faster)	16.17 µs (✅ 1.14x faster)
default	30.51 µs (✅ 1.23x faster)	30.62 µs (✅ 1.24x faster)	17.33 µs (✅ 1.11x faster)
				10.53 ms (❌ 1.58x slower)	11.62 µs (🚀 2.33x faster)
large	30.60 µs (✅ 1.15x faster)	83.66 µs (✅ 1.08x slower)	17.33 µs (✅ 1.12x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	614.38 ms (✅ 1.11x faster)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	28.30 µs (🚀 3.76x faster)	27.74 µs (🚀 3.97x faster)

sandboxes

	create_uninitialized	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_initialized_and_drop
large	62.09 ms (🚀 2.47x faster)	66.45 ms (🚀 2.35x faster)	62.46 ms (🚀 2.46x faster)	78.25 ms (🚀 2.15x faster)
medium	16.77 ms (🚀 2.42x faster)	18.98 ms (🚀 2.27x faster)	16.94 ms (🚀 2.38x faster)	34.46 ms (✅ 1.59x faster)
small	1.92 ms (🚀 1.86x faster)	3.20 ms (✅ 1.73x faster)	2.03 ms (✅ 1.80x faster)	20.33 ms (❌ 1.18x slower)
default	330.03 µs (✅ 1.48x faster)	1.56 ms (✅ 1.34x faster)	353.17 µs (✅ 1.52x faster)	20.29 ms (❌ 1.79x slower)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	fill	copy_to_slice
64MB	4.95 ms (🚀 2.27x faster)	2.48 ms (✅ 1.25x faster)	3.69 ms (✅ 1.51x faster)
1MB	40.15 µs (✅ 1.16x faster)	23.50 µs (✅ 1.53x faster)	37.08 µs (✅ 1.10x faster)

snapshots

	restore	create
medium	13.07 µs (✅ 1.25x faster)	39.21 ms (🚀 1.91x faster)
large	48.06 µs (🚀 13.07x faster)	156.52 ms (🚀 1.89x faster)
small	11.70 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)	2.30 ms (✅ 1.72x faster)
default	9.63 µs (✅ 1.15x faster)	254.88 µs (✅ 1.51x faster)

Summary

• Biggest gain: snapshots/restore/large — 🚀 13.07x faster
• Worst regression: sandboxes/create_initialized_and_drop/default — ❌ 1.79x slower

mshv3 / amd (Linux) (❌ *2.39x slower* → 🚀 **2.69x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	16.49 ms (❌ 2.39x slower)	11.24 ms (❌ 2.13x slower)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	call	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	69.22 µs (✅ 1.32x faster)	164.91 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)	41.72 µs (✅ 1.27x faster)
small	72.93 µs (✅ 1.25x faster)	150.10 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)	44.06 µs (✅ 1.26x faster)
large	59.72 µs (✅ 1.49x faster)	225.82 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)	43.71 µs (✅ 1.28x faster)
				54.86 µs (✅ 1.35x faster)	47.39 µs (✅ 1.05x faster)
medium	73.32 µs (✅ 1.20x faster)	171.68 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)	42.81 µs (✅ 1.31x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	93.18 ms (❌ 1.25x slower)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_rust	24K_in_8K_out_c
	63.86 µs (✅ 1.34x faster)	64.15 µs (✅ 1.26x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized	create_initialized
medium	60.80 ms (✅ 1.03x faster)	10.97 ms (🚀 2.37x faster)	11.45 ms (🚀 2.24x faster)	13.26 ms (🚀 2.14x faster)
small	60.92 ms (❌ 1.45x slower)	2.58 ms (✅ 1.57x faster)	2.56 ms (✅ 1.51x faster)	4.35 ms (✅ 1.33x faster)
large	176.96 ms (❌ 1.22x slower)	36.01 ms (🚀 2.69x faster)	37.36 ms (🚀 2.53x faster)	43.84 ms (🚀 2.35x faster)
default	71.98 ms (❌ 2.09x slower)	498.30 µs (✅ 1.29x faster)	463.30 µs (✅ 1.31x faster)	1.52 ms (✅ 1.00x faster)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
64MB	5.95 ms (✅ 1.06x slower)	6.08 ms (❌ 1.25x slower)	4.27 ms (❌ 1.14x slower)
1MB	42.70 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)	42.79 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)	41.46 µs (✅ 1.00x slower)

snapshots

	restore	create
default	81.77 µs (✅ 1.02x faster)	358.61 µs (✅ 1.42x faster)
large	1.65 ms (🚀 2.03x faster)	198.18 ms (✅ 1.21x faster)
medium	109.38 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)	49.49 ms (✅ 1.16x faster)
small	80.22 µs (✅ 1.10x faster)	3.22 ms (✅ 1.37x faster)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_uninitialized_and_drop/large — 🚀 2.69x faster
• Worst regression: function_call_serialization/deserialize_function_call — ❌ 2.39x slower

mshv3 / intel (Linux) (❌ *1.71x slower* → 🚀 **2.54x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	serialize_function_call	deserialize_function_call
	10.69 ms (✅ 1.02x slower)	13.16 ms (✅ 1.05x faster)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	different_thread	call_with_restore	call	interrupt_latency
default	74.00 µs (🚀 2.25x faster)		133.52 µs (🚀 2.06x faster)	44.91 µs (🚀 2.29x faster)
		54.16 µs (🚀 2.31x faster)			37.60 µs (🚀 2.29x faster)
large	75.73 µs (🚀 2.32x faster)		244.55 µs (✅ 1.63x faster)	45.71 µs (🚀 2.23x faster)
medium	74.00 µs (🚀 2.30x faster)		148.00 µs (🚀 1.91x faster)	45.58 µs (🚀 2.28x faster)
small	75.60 µs (🚀 2.31x faster)		137.31 µs (🚀 2.00x faster)	45.38 µs (🚀 2.35x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	109.55 ms (✅ 1.17x faster)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	56.68 µs (🚀 2.54x faster)	57.98 µs (🚀 2.49x faster)

sandboxes

	create_uninitialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_initialized	create_initialized_and_drop
default	355.74 µs (✅ 1.39x faster)	379.91 µs (✅ 1.35x faster)	1.43 ms (✅ 1.17x faster)	56.82 ms (❌ 1.71x slower)
medium	16.77 ms (✅ 1.68x faster)	16.67 ms (✅ 1.69x faster)	19.49 ms (✅ 1.61x faster)	86.72 ms (❌ 1.37x slower)
large	62.37 ms (✅ 1.71x faster)	62.42 ms (✅ 1.69x faster)	69.60 ms (✅ 1.62x faster)	200.24 ms (❌ 1.29x slower)
small	2.09 ms (🚀 2.08x faster)	2.22 ms (🚀 2.02x faster)	4.61 ms (✅ 1.41x faster)	54.76 ms (❌ 1.30x slower)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
64MB	10.58 ms (✅ 1.07x faster)	8.01 ms (✅ 1.18x faster)	6.97 ms (✅ 1.04x faster)
1MB	62.83 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)	41.51 µs (✅ 1.08x slower)	35.60 µs (✅ 1.06x faster)

snapshots

	restore	create
default	85.65 µs (🚀 1.84x faster)	318.66 µs (✅ 1.44x faster)
large	1.49 ms (✅ 1.75x faster)	157.94 ms (✅ 1.33x faster)
medium	102.06 µs (✅ 1.50x faster)	39.40 ms (✅ 1.39x faster)
small	81.22 µs (🚀 1.88x faster)	3.60 ms (✅ 1.66x faster)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sample_workloads/24K_in_8K_out_c — 🚀 2.54x faster
• Worst regression: sandboxes/create_initialized_and_drop/default — ❌ 1.71x slower

hyperv-ws2025 / amd (Windows) (❌ *6.21x slower* → ✅ **1.46x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	13.64 ms (❌ 1.39x slower)	12.06 ms (❌ 1.41x slower)

guest_calls

	call	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	49.34 µs (❌ 1.25x slower)	73.79 µs (❌ 1.13x slower)	189.44 µs (❌ 1.28x slower)
large	48.85 µs (❌ 1.25x slower)	93.69 µs (❌ 1.33x slower)	413.68 µs (❌ 1.43x slower)
medium	50.72 µs (❌ 1.28x slower)	95.34 µs (❌ 1.35x slower)	205.48 µs (❌ 1.34x slower)
small	49.92 µs (❌ 1.30x slower)	75.14 µs (❌ 1.20x slower)	197.91 µs (❌ 1.45x slower)
				78.10 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)	186.70 µs (❌ 6.21x slower)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	4.38 s (❌ 1.33x slower)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	104.94 µs (❌ 1.49x slower)	81.89 µs (✅ 1.11x slower)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized
default	6.59 ms (❌ 1.31x slower)	5.58 ms (❌ 1.31x slower)	1.14 ms (✅ 1.01x slower)	1.34 ms (✅ 1.16x faster)
large	305.84 ms (✅ 1.10x faster)	260.34 ms (✅ 1.15x faster)	320.34 ms (✅ 1.17x faster)	237.98 ms (✅ 1.46x faster)
medium	93.91 ms (✅ 1.11x slower)	66.16 ms (✅ 1.14x faster)	90.08 ms (✅ 1.05x faster)	61.64 ms (✅ 1.42x faster)
small	16.95 ms (✅ 1.09x slower)	13.47 ms (✅ 1.00x faster)	10.69 ms (✅ 1.19x faster)	8.86 ms (✅ 1.35x faster)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
1MB	54.34 µs (❌ 1.27x slower)	60.73 µs (❌ 1.58x slower)	43.80 µs (✅ 1.05x slower)
64MB	11.00 ms (❌ 1.32x slower)	15.02 ms (❌ 1.59x slower)	8.64 ms (❌ 1.40x slower)

snapshots

	create	restore
default	702.69 µs (✅ 1.08x faster)	95.18 µs (❌ 1.25x slower)
large	371.88 ms (✅ 1.02x faster)	63.18 ms (❌ 1.62x slower)
medium	96.28 ms (✅ 1.08x slower)	1.27 ms (❌ 4.79x slower)
small	11.49 ms (✅ 1.01x slower)	108.10 µs (❌ 1.51x slower)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_uninitialized/large — ✅ 1.46x faster
• Worst regression: guest_calls/interrupt_latency — ❌ 6.21x slower

hyperv-ws2025 / intel (Windows) (❌ *10.31x slower* → ✅ **1.26x faster**)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	15.05 ms (✅ 1.03x slower)	14.78 ms (❌ 1.26x slower)

guest_calls

	call	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	120.81 µs (❌ 1.63x slower)	210.11 µs (❌ 1.83x slower)	398.99 µs (❌ 1.76x slower)
large	167.65 µs (❌ 1.84x slower)	287.82 µs (❌ 2.47x slower)	1.03 ms (❌ 2.41x slower)
medium	129.21 µs (❌ 1.56x slower)	231.37 µs (❌ 1.88x slower)	577.72 µs (❌ 1.92x slower)
small	122.15 µs (❌ 1.53x slower)	224.01 µs (❌ 1.80x slower)	439.51 µs (❌ 1.97x slower)
				158.13 µs (❌ 1.47x slower)	255.26 µs (❌ 3.85x slower)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	4.99 s (✅ 1.07x slower)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	97.38 µs (✅ 1.26x faster)	102.32 µs (✅ 1.21x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized
default	10.68 ms (❌ 1.38x slower)	7.88 ms (❌ 1.34x slower)	1.24 ms (✅ 1.02x slower)	1.00 ms (✅ 1.12x faster)
large	420.17 ms (✅ 1.07x slower)	321.18 ms (✅ 1.01x faster)	415.51 ms (❌ 1.18x slower)	303.76 ms (✅ 1.01x faster)
medium	118.88 ms (❌ 1.14x slower)	89.26 ms (✅ 1.02x slower)	102.16 ms (❌ 1.17x slower)	75.92 ms (✅ 1.04x faster)
small	26.58 ms (❌ 1.28x slower)	18.21 ms (✅ 1.05x slower)	16.35 ms (❌ 1.34x slower)	10.56 ms (✅ 1.01x faster)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
1MB	69.05 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)	73.56 µs (✅ 1.08x slower)	36.21 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)
64MB	14.22 ms (✅ 1.00x faster)	17.48 ms (✅ 1.08x slower)	11.04 ms (✅ 1.11x slower)

snapshots

	create	restore
default	840.13 µs (✅ 1.21x faster)	291.95 µs (❌ 1.98x slower)
large	447.68 ms (✅ 1.06x faster)	76.96 ms (❌ 1.34x slower)
medium	115.97 ms (✅ 1.05x faster)	9.29 ms (❌ 10.31x slower)
small	15.60 ms (✅ 1.01x faster)	335.66 µs (❌ 2.44x slower)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sample_workloads/24K_in_8K_out_c — ✅ 1.26x faster
• Worst regression: snapshots/restore/medium — ❌ 10.31x slower

[jsturtevant]

Benchmark Results
kvm / amd (Linux) (❌ 1.77x slower → 🚀 2.45x faster)
kvm / intel (Linux) (❌ 1.79x slower → 🚀 13.07x faster)
mshv3 / amd (Linux) (❌ 2.39x slower → 🚀 2.69x faster)
mshv3 / intel (Linux) (❌ 1.71x slower → 🚀 2.54x faster)
hyperv-ws2025 / amd (Windows) (❌ 6.21x slower → ✅ 1.46x faster)
hyperv-ws2025 / intel (Windows) (❌ 10.31x slower → ✅ 1.26x faster)

It's not clear what this summary is telling me. Are all these faster and we are good to go? I looked at the details for a few and it looks like its slow for some and fast for others

[ludfjig]

is this ready for review @jprendes ?

[hyperlight-gh-bot]

Benchmark Results

kvm / amd (Linux) (❌ *1.15x slower* → 🚀 **2.76x faster**)

alloc_fragmented

	fragmented_256
	11.90 ns (---)

alloc_lifo

	``
256	1.18 µs (---)
4096	1.20 µs (---)
1500	1.20 µs (---)

alloc_single

	``
64	11.77 ns (---)
256	11.83 ns (---)
128	11.82 ns (---)
512	12.14 ns (---)
4096	12.09 ns (---)
1024	12.07 ns (---)
1500	12.12 ns (---)

free

	``
256	12.09 ns (---)
4096	12.17 ns (---)
1500	12.15 ns (---)

free_list_reuse

	fifo_pattern	lifo_pattern
	19.47 ns (---)	24.47 ns (---)

function_call_serialization

	serialize_function_call	deserialize_function_call
	4.72 ms (✅ 1.08x slower)	9.90 ms (❌ 1.15x slower)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread	call	interrupt_latency
small	25.86 µs (❌ 1.13x slower)	74.82 µs (✅ 1.08x slower)		14.15 µs (❌ 1.13x slower)
			6.86 ms (✅ 1.03x slower)		21.59 µs (✅ 1.06x slower)
large	24.65 µs (✅ 1.09x slower)	101.36 µs (✅ 1.05x slower)		12.83 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)
medium	25.03 µs (❌ 1.13x slower)	78.40 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)		14.18 µs (❌ 1.13x slower)
default	25.57 µs (✅ 1.10x slower)	66.69 µs (✅ 1.09x slower)		14.10 µs (❌ 1.12x slower)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	590.94 ms (✅ 1.06x slower)

recycle_pool

	alloc_dealloc_128	alloc_dealloc_1500	alloc_sg_64k	alloc_dealloc_4096
	7.62 ns (---)	7.63 ns (---)	258.23 ns (---)	7.65 ns (---)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_rust	24K_in_8K_out_c
	23.06 µs (✅ 1.70x faster)	22.92 µs (✅ 1.66x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized	create_uninitialized	create_initialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized_and_drop
default	1.74 ms (✅ 1.04x faster)	416.63 µs (✅ 1.25x faster)	11.70 ms (✅ 1.01x slower)	454.61 µs (✅ 1.24x faster)
large	26.03 ms (🚀 2.58x faster)	23.56 ms (🚀 2.76x faster)	37.92 ms (🚀 2.07x faster)	24.28 ms (🚀 2.72x faster)
small	3.55 ms (✅ 1.40x faster)	2.00 ms (🚀 1.89x faster)	15.70 ms (✅ 1.00x slower)	2.13 ms (✅ 1.68x faster)
medium	9.11 ms (🚀 2.13x faster)	7.42 ms (🚀 2.38x faster)	21.14 ms (✅ 1.45x faster)	7.72 ms (🚀 2.33x faster)

segmented_payload

	``
8192	12.92 ns (---)
65536	23.47 ns (---)
262144	61.72 ns (---)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	fill	copy_to_slice
1MB	41.26 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)	27.25 µs (✅ 1.32x faster)	38.10 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)
64MB	4.37 ms (✅ 1.03x slower)	2.11 ms (✅ 1.19x faster)	3.92 ms (✅ 1.04x faster)

snapshots

	create	restore
large	84.52 ms (✅ 1.66x faster)	35.93 µs (✅ 1.51x faster)
small	2.67 ms (✅ 1.32x faster)	12.27 µs (❌ 1.12x slower)
medium	21.91 ms (✅ 1.59x faster)	16.43 µs (✅ 1.05x slower)
default	330.58 µs (✅ 1.19x faster)	10.60 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)

virtq_readonly_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	buffer_pool_run
8192	642.88 ns (---)	776.21 ns (---)	775.83 ns (---)	855.85 ns (---)
65536	3.44 µs (---)	4.70 µs (---)	4.73 µs (---)	3.43 µs (---)
262144	12.68 µs (---)	18.26 µs (---)	18.62 µs (---)	12.66 µs (---)

virtq_readwrite_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	buffer_pool_run
8192	945.82 ns (---)	1.15 µs (---)	1.15 µs (---)	943.13 ns (---)
65536	4.88 µs (---)	7.71 µs (---)	7.85 µs (---)	4.88 µs (---)
262144	20.42 µs (---)	32.45 µs (---)	32.37 µs (---)	20.40 µs (---)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_uninitialized/large — 🚀 2.76x faster
• Worst regression: function_call_serialization/deserialize_function_call — ❌ 1.15x slower

kvm / intel (Linux) (✅ **1.07x slower** → 🚀 **11.85x faster**)

alloc_fragmented

	fragmented_256
	11.54 ns (---)

alloc_lifo

	``
256	1.14 µs (---)
4096	1.18 µs (---)
1500	1.18 µs (---)

alloc_single

	``
64	11.41 ns (---)
256	11.37 ns (---)
128	11.39 ns (---)
512	11.69 ns (---)
4096	11.67 ns (---)
1024	11.73 ns (---)
1500	11.67 ns (---)

free

	``
256	11.42 ns (---)
4096	11.99 ns (---)
1500	11.81 ns (---)

free_list_reuse

	fifo_pattern	lifo_pattern
	25.80 ns (---)	22.90 ns (---)

function_call_serialization

	serialize_function_call	deserialize_function_call
	5.10 ms (✅ 1.12x faster)	7.96 ms (✅ 1.57x faster)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread	call	interrupt_latency
small	32.68 µs (✅ 1.15x faster)	31.45 µs (✅ 1.20x faster)		17.57 µs (✅ 1.07x faster)
			6.77 ms (✅ 1.02x slower)		18.38 µs (✅ 1.47x faster)
large	32.75 µs (✅ 1.07x faster)	67.97 µs (✅ 1.13x faster)		17.64 µs (✅ 1.09x faster)
medium	32.81 µs (✅ 1.15x faster)	37.11 µs (✅ 1.16x faster)		16.82 µs (✅ 1.12x faster)
default	33.73 µs (✅ 1.10x faster)	31.09 µs (✅ 1.21x faster)		17.42 µs (✅ 1.09x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	559.91 ms (✅ 1.22x faster)

recycle_pool

	alloc_dealloc_128	alloc_dealloc_1500	alloc_sg_64k	alloc_dealloc_4096
	7.07 ns (---)	7.08 ns (---)	252.85 ns (---)	7.06 ns (---)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_rust	24K_in_8K_out_c
	27.77 µs (🚀 4.00x faster)	27.87 µs (🚀 3.81x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized	create_uninitialized	create_initialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized_and_drop
default	1.66 ms (✅ 1.26x faster)	346.23 µs (✅ 1.41x faster)	12.15 ms (✅ 1.07x slower)	375.18 µs (✅ 1.42x faster)
large	66.50 ms (🚀 2.34x faster)	65.00 ms (🚀 2.36x faster)	76.06 ms (🚀 2.21x faster)	62.42 ms (🚀 2.47x faster)
small	3.43 ms (✅ 1.61x faster)	2.02 ms (✅ 1.77x faster)	15.28 ms (✅ 1.13x faster)	2.00 ms (🚀 1.83x faster)
medium	18.66 ms (🚀 2.30x faster)	16.87 ms (🚀 2.41x faster)	28.87 ms (🚀 1.90x faster)	16.78 ms (🚀 2.40x faster)

segmented_payload

	``
8192	13.03 ns (---)
65536	28.95 ns (---)
262144	82.86 ns (---)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	fill	copy_to_slice
1MB	41.79 µs (✅ 1.12x faster)	23.38 µs (✅ 1.53x faster)	37.29 µs (✅ 1.10x faster)
64MB	4.57 ms (🚀 2.46x faster)	2.39 ms (✅ 1.29x faster)	4.60 ms (✅ 1.21x faster)

snapshots

	create	restore
large	156.77 ms (🚀 1.89x faster)	50.52 µs (🚀 11.85x faster)
small	2.28 ms (✅ 1.74x faster)	9.98 µs (✅ 1.15x faster)
medium	37.17 ms (🚀 2.01x faster)	13.41 µs (✅ 1.25x faster)
default	261.86 µs (✅ 1.47x faster)	9.69 µs (✅ 1.14x faster)

virtq_readonly_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	buffer_pool_run
8192	517.54 ns (---)	633.29 ns (---)	656.02 ns (---)	511.93 ns (---)
65536	4.46 µs (---)	5.29 µs (---)	5.31 µs (---)	4.48 µs (---)
262144	16.18 µs (---)	20.30 µs (---)	20.45 µs (---)	16.17 µs (---)

virtq_readwrite_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	buffer_pool_run
8192	713.44 ns (---)	939.27 ns (---)	946.94 ns (---)	713.99 ns (---)
65536	6.10 µs (---)	9.01 µs (---)	9.13 µs (---)	6.05 µs (---)
262144	22.23 µs (---)	34.04 µs (---)	34.47 µs (---)	22.21 µs (---)

Summary

• Biggest gain: snapshots/restore/large — 🚀 11.85x faster
• Worst regression: sandboxes/create_initialized_and_drop/default — ✅ 1.07x slower

mshv3 / amd (Linux) (❌ *1.18x slower* → 🚀 **8.04x faster**)

alloc_fragmented

	fragmented_256
	15.22 ns (---)

alloc_lifo

	``
4096	1.54 µs (---)
256	1.52 µs (---)
1500	1.54 µs (---)

alloc_single

	``
128	15.12 ns (---)
4096	15.69 ns (---)
256	15.12 ns (---)
1500	15.69 ns (---)
1024	15.71 ns (---)
512	15.70 ns (---)
64	15.13 ns (---)

free

	``
4096	15.55 ns (---)
256	15.39 ns (---)
1500	15.57 ns (---)

free_list_reuse

	lifo_pattern	fifo_pattern
	30.36 ns (---)	24.29 ns (---)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	6.17 ms (✅ 1.12x faster)	4.89 ms (✅ 1.08x faster)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	call	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	58.54 µs (✅ 1.58x faster)	130.10 µs (✅ 1.26x faster)	39.06 µs (✅ 1.36x faster)
small	58.84 µs (✅ 1.55x faster)	133.64 µs (✅ 1.18x faster)	36.93 µs (✅ 1.46x faster)
large	59.46 µs (✅ 1.53x faster)	189.54 µs (✅ 1.23x faster)	37.21 µs (✅ 1.52x faster)
				50.41 µs (✅ 1.51x faster)	53.33 µs (✅ 1.08x slower)
medium	58.70 µs (✅ 1.51x faster)	139.91 µs (✅ 1.21x faster)	37.13 µs (✅ 1.52x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	73.45 ms (✅ 1.02x faster)

recycle_pool

	alloc_dealloc_128	alloc_dealloc_4096	alloc_sg_64k	alloc_dealloc_1500
	9.79 ns (---)	9.79 ns (---)	304.35 ns (---)	9.78 ns (---)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_rust	24K_in_8K_out_c
	49.65 µs (✅ 1.73x faster)	47.87 µs (✅ 1.68x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized	create_initialized
medium	46.74 ms (✅ 1.33x faster)	10.67 ms (🚀 2.44x faster)	10.30 ms (🚀 2.50x faster)	13.06 ms (🚀 2.17x faster)
small	36.14 ms (✅ 1.16x faster)	1.99 ms (🚀 2.05x faster)	1.80 ms (🚀 2.15x faster)	3.40 ms (✅ 1.70x faster)
large	85.96 ms (✅ 1.68x faster)	35.64 ms (🚀 2.72x faster)	34.92 ms (🚀 2.70x faster)	42.60 ms (🚀 2.42x faster)
default	33.82 ms (✅ 1.02x faster)	533.85 µs (✅ 1.20x faster)	492.30 µs (✅ 1.24x faster)	1.38 ms (✅ 1.10x faster)

segmented_payload

	``
262144	78.43 ns (---)
65536	29.71 ns (---)
8192	16.41 ns (---)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
64MB	5.09 ms (✅ 1.10x faster)	4.88 ms (✅ 1.00x slower)	2.58 ms (✅ 1.45x faster)
1MB	49.00 µs (❌ 1.18x slower)	48.53 µs (❌ 1.14x slower)	34.98 µs (✅ 1.18x faster)

snapshots

	restore	create
default	75.46 µs (✅ 1.12x faster)	433.19 µs (✅ 1.18x faster)
large	194.12 µs (🚀 8.04x faster)	113.83 ms (🚀 2.11x faster)
medium	88.35 µs (✅ 1.36x faster)	28.29 ms (🚀 2.03x faster)
small	76.40 µs (✅ 1.18x faster)	2.56 ms (✅ 1.73x faster)

virtq_readonly_allocator_strategy

	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	buffer_pool_run
262144	22.50 µs (---)	23.70 µs (---)	15.94 µs (---)	15.85 µs (---)
65536	5.77 µs (---)	5.83 µs (---)	4.37 µs (---)	4.38 µs (---)
8192	976.16 ns (---)	955.57 ns (---)	738.87 ns (---)	799.93 ns (---)

virtq_readwrite_allocator_strategy

	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	buffer_pool_run
262144	39.76 µs (---)	39.43 µs (---)	25.51 µs (---)	25.53 µs (---)
65536	9.38 µs (---)	9.41 µs (---)	6.05 µs (---)	6.06 µs (---)
8192	1.48 µs (---)	1.42 µs (---)	1.19 µs (---)	1.20 µs (---)

Summary

• Biggest gain: snapshots/restore/large — 🚀 8.04x faster
• Worst regression: shared_memory/copy_from_slice/1MB — ❌ 1.18x slower

mshv3 / intel (Linux) (✅ **1.11x slower** → 🚀 **2.85x faster**)

alloc_fragmented

	fragmented_256
	14.24 ns (---)

alloc_lifo

	``
4096	1.44 µs (---)
256	1.40 µs (---)
1500	1.44 µs (---)

alloc_single

	``
4096	14.23 ns (---)
256	13.93 ns (---)
512	14.38 ns (---)
64	13.94 ns (---)
1024	14.23 ns (---)
1500	14.23 ns (---)
128	13.93 ns (---)

free

	``
4096	14.39 ns (---)
256	14.19 ns (---)
1500	14.29 ns (---)

free_list_reuse

	lifo_pattern	fifo_pattern
	27.94 ns (---)	20.66 ns (---)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	13.67 ms (✅ 1.01x faster)	10.50 ms (✅ 1.00x slower)

guest_calls

	call	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	interrupt_latency	different_thread
large	74.99 µs (✅ 1.36x faster)	111.51 µs (✅ 1.56x faster)	350.17 µs (✅ 1.19x faster)
small	75.90 µs (✅ 1.40x faster)	111.83 µs (✅ 1.55x faster)	240.59 µs (✅ 1.15x faster)
default	74.67 µs (✅ 1.40x faster)	112.17 µs (✅ 1.50x faster)	244.15 µs (✅ 1.14x faster)
medium	75.20 µs (✅ 1.35x faster)	109.99 µs (✅ 1.54x faster)	256.20 µs (✅ 1.14x faster)
				91.12 µs (✅ 1.06x slower)	93.55 µs (✅ 1.31x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	110.00 ms (✅ 1.17x faster)

recycle_pool

	alloc_sg_64k	alloc_dealloc_4096	alloc_dealloc_128	alloc_dealloc_1500
	284.08 ns (---)	9.48 ns (---)	9.51 ns (---)	9.56 ns (---)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	90.97 µs (✅ 1.59x faster)	93.31 µs (✅ 1.57x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_initialized
large	111.56 ms (✅ 1.39x faster)	61.84 ms (✅ 1.73x faster)	62.84 ms (✅ 1.68x faster)	70.09 ms (✅ 1.61x faster)
default	32.74 ms (✅ 1.01x faster)	369.81 µs (✅ 1.33x faster)	401.55 µs (✅ 1.28x faster)	1.57 ms (✅ 1.06x faster)
medium	57.00 ms (✅ 1.11x faster)	17.51 ms (✅ 1.61x faster)	17.19 ms (✅ 1.64x faster)	20.21 ms (✅ 1.55x faster)
small	41.90 ms (✅ 1.01x faster)	3.19 ms (✅ 1.37x faster)	2.88 ms (✅ 1.56x faster)	5.04 ms (✅ 1.29x faster)

segmented_payload

	``
262144	86.60 ns (---)
8192	15.18 ns (---)
65536	30.84 ns (---)

shared_memory

	fill	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice
64MB	7.24 ms (✅ 1.00x faster)	12.40 ms (✅ 1.09x slower)	8.90 ms (✅ 1.06x faster)
1MB	32.52 µs (✅ 1.17x faster)	64.96 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)	42.90 µs (✅ 1.11x slower)

snapshots

	restore	create
large	916.67 µs (🚀 2.85x faster)	159.45 ms (✅ 1.32x faster)
small	157.51 µs (✅ 1.00x slower)	3.85 ms (✅ 1.55x faster)
default	158.66 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)	356.40 µs (✅ 1.27x faster)
medium	173.57 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)	41.22 ms (✅ 1.33x faster)

virtq_readonly_allocator_strategy

	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	buffer_pool_run	recycle_pool_segmented	buffer_pool_run_fragmented
262144	21.35 µs (---)	15.86 µs (---)	21.39 µs (---)	15.86 µs (---)
8192	667.30 ns (---)	569.79 ns (---)	666.21 ns (---)	550.11 ns (---)
65536	5.50 µs (---)	4.37 µs (---)	5.62 µs (---)	4.36 µs (---)

virtq_readwrite_allocator_strategy

	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	buffer_pool_run	recycle_pool_segmented	buffer_pool_run_fragmented
262144	44.12 µs (---)	26.07 µs (---)	42.69 µs (---)	25.85 µs (---)
8192	1.06 µs (---)	752.00 ns (---)	1.07 µs (---)	755.58 ns (---)
65536	9.38 µs (---)	5.89 µs (---)	9.32 µs (---)	5.89 µs (---)

Summary

• Biggest gain: snapshots/restore/large — 🚀 2.85x faster
• Worst regression: shared_memory/copy_to_slice/1MB — ✅ 1.11x slower

hyperv-ws2025 / amd (Windows) (❌ *1.29x slower* → ✅ **1.46x faster**)

alloc_fragmented

	fragmented_256
	15.41 ns (---)

alloc_lifo

	``
1500	1.60 µs (---)
256	1.54 µs (---)
4096	1.60 µs (---)

alloc_single

	``
1024	16.10 ns (---)
128	15.41 ns (---)
1500	15.98 ns (---)
256	15.39 ns (---)
4096	15.99 ns (---)
512	15.98 ns (---)
64	15.34 ns (---)

free

	``
1500	16.01 ns (---)
256	15.36 ns (---)
4096	15.96 ns (---)

free_list_reuse

	fifo_pattern	lifo_pattern
	22.35 ns (---)	31.02 ns (---)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	10.58 ms (✅ 1.08x slower)	8.98 ms (✅ 1.05x slower)

guest_calls

	call	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	40.16 µs (✅ 1.00x slower)	66.37 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)	155.98 µs (✅ 1.10x slower)
large	43.25 µs (✅ 1.09x slower)	67.76 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)	333.92 µs (✅ 1.07x slower)
medium	42.57 µs (✅ 1.08x slower)	68.61 µs (✅ 1.07x slower)	190.69 µs (✅ 1.10x slower)
small	41.07 µs (✅ 1.07x slower)	67.41 µs (✅ 1.07x slower)	147.17 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)
				78.14 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)	34.03 µs (❌ 1.13x slower)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	3.66 s (✅ 1.11x slower)

recycle_pool

	alloc_dealloc_128	alloc_dealloc_1500	alloc_dealloc_4096	alloc_sg_64k
	9.87 ns (---)	9.87 ns (---)	10.03 ns (---)	351.66 ns (---)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	63.09 µs (✅ 1.15x faster)	65.66 µs (✅ 1.12x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized
default	5.77 ms (❌ 1.15x slower)	3.89 ms (✅ 1.09x faster)	1.03 ms (✅ 1.26x faster)	1.03 ms (✅ 1.46x faster)
large	272.55 ms (✅ 1.23x faster)	237.72 ms (✅ 1.26x faster)	313.10 ms (✅ 1.20x faster)	287.44 ms (✅ 1.21x faster)
medium	71.14 ms (✅ 1.19x faster)	61.31 ms (✅ 1.23x faster)	78.77 ms (✅ 1.20x faster)	72.76 ms (✅ 1.21x faster)
small	14.44 ms (✅ 1.07x faster)	11.47 ms (✅ 1.17x faster)	10.66 ms (✅ 1.19x faster)	9.99 ms (✅ 1.20x faster)

segmented_payload

	``
262144	83.25 ns (---)
65536	30.14 ns (---)
8192	16.91 ns (---)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
1MB	42.85 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)	43.13 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)	41.67 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)
64MB	9.91 ms (❌ 1.19x slower)	10.33 ms (✅ 1.09x slower)	6.56 ms (✅ 1.06x slower)

snapshots

	create	restore
default	637.67 µs (✅ 1.17x faster)	90.97 µs (❌ 1.20x slower)
large	316.11 ms (✅ 1.20x faster)	40.35 ms (✅ 1.03x slower)
medium	74.02 ms (✅ 1.21x faster)	137.44 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)
small	9.31 ms (✅ 1.22x faster)	99.71 µs (❌ 1.29x slower)

virtq_readonly_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented
262144	17.77 µs (---)	18.31 µs (---)	25.93 µs (---)	25.85 µs (---)
65536	4.53 µs (---)	4.82 µs (---)	5.91 µs (---)	5.96 µs (---)
8192	807.66 ns (---)	821.96 ns (---)	950.84 ns (---)	927.53 ns (---)

virtq_readwrite_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented
262144	25.97 µs (---)	25.91 µs (---)	44.35 µs (---)	48.28 µs (---)
65536	6.60 µs (---)	6.55 µs (---)	10.75 µs (---)	10.87 µs (---)
8192	1.22 µs (---)	1.22 µs (---)	1.39 µs (---)	1.42 µs (---)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_uninitialized/default — ✅ 1.46x faster
• Worst regression: snapshots/restore/small — ❌ 1.29x slower

[hyperlight-gh-bot]

Benchmark Results

kvm / amd (Linux) (❌ *1.15x slower* → 🚀 **2.76x faster**)

alloc_fragmented

	fragmented_256
	11.90 ns (---)

alloc_lifo

	``
256	1.18 µs (---)
4096	1.20 µs (---)
1500	1.20 µs (---)

alloc_single

	``
64	11.77 ns (---)
256	11.83 ns (---)
128	11.82 ns (---)
512	12.14 ns (---)
4096	12.09 ns (---)
1024	12.07 ns (---)
1500	12.12 ns (---)

free

	``
256	12.09 ns (---)
4096	12.17 ns (---)
1500	12.15 ns (---)

free_list_reuse

	fifo_pattern	lifo_pattern
	19.47 ns (---)	24.47 ns (---)

function_call_serialization

	serialize_function_call	deserialize_function_call
	4.72 ms (✅ 1.08x slower)	9.90 ms (❌ 1.15x slower)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread	call	interrupt_latency
small	25.86 µs (❌ 1.13x slower)	74.82 µs (✅ 1.08x slower)		14.15 µs (❌ 1.13x slower)
			6.86 ms (✅ 1.03x slower)		21.59 µs (✅ 1.06x slower)
large	24.65 µs (✅ 1.09x slower)	101.36 µs (✅ 1.05x slower)		12.83 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)
medium	25.03 µs (❌ 1.13x slower)	78.40 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)		14.18 µs (❌ 1.13x slower)
default	25.57 µs (✅ 1.10x slower)	66.69 µs (✅ 1.09x slower)		14.10 µs (❌ 1.12x slower)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	590.94 ms (✅ 1.06x slower)

recycle_pool

	alloc_dealloc_128	alloc_dealloc_1500	alloc_sg_64k	alloc_dealloc_4096
	7.62 ns (---)	7.63 ns (---)	258.23 ns (---)	7.65 ns (---)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_rust	24K_in_8K_out_c
	23.06 µs (✅ 1.70x faster)	22.92 µs (✅ 1.66x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized	create_uninitialized	create_initialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized_and_drop
default	1.74 ms (✅ 1.04x faster)	416.63 µs (✅ 1.25x faster)	11.70 ms (✅ 1.01x slower)	454.61 µs (✅ 1.24x faster)
large	26.03 ms (🚀 2.58x faster)	23.56 ms (🚀 2.76x faster)	37.92 ms (🚀 2.07x faster)	24.28 ms (🚀 2.72x faster)
small	3.55 ms (✅ 1.40x faster)	2.00 ms (🚀 1.89x faster)	15.70 ms (✅ 1.00x slower)	2.13 ms (✅ 1.68x faster)
medium	9.11 ms (🚀 2.13x faster)	7.42 ms (🚀 2.38x faster)	21.14 ms (✅ 1.45x faster)	7.72 ms (🚀 2.33x faster)

segmented_payload

	``
8192	12.92 ns (---)
65536	23.47 ns (---)
262144	61.72 ns (---)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	fill	copy_to_slice
1MB	41.26 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)	27.25 µs (✅ 1.32x faster)	38.10 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)
64MB	4.37 ms (✅ 1.03x slower)	2.11 ms (✅ 1.19x faster)	3.92 ms (✅ 1.04x faster)

snapshots

	create	restore
large	84.52 ms (✅ 1.66x faster)	35.93 µs (✅ 1.51x faster)
small	2.67 ms (✅ 1.32x faster)	12.27 µs (❌ 1.12x slower)
medium	21.91 ms (✅ 1.59x faster)	16.43 µs (✅ 1.05x slower)
default	330.58 µs (✅ 1.19x faster)	10.60 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)

virtq_readonly_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	buffer_pool_run
8192	642.88 ns (---)	776.21 ns (---)	775.83 ns (---)	855.85 ns (---)
65536	3.44 µs (---)	4.70 µs (---)	4.73 µs (---)	3.43 µs (---)
262144	12.68 µs (---)	18.26 µs (---)	18.62 µs (---)	12.66 µs (---)

virtq_readwrite_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	buffer_pool_run
8192	945.82 ns (---)	1.15 µs (---)	1.15 µs (---)	943.13 ns (---)
65536	4.88 µs (---)	7.71 µs (---)	7.85 µs (---)	4.88 µs (---)
262144	20.42 µs (---)	32.45 µs (---)	32.37 µs (---)	20.40 µs (---)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_uninitialized/large — 🚀 2.76x faster
• Worst regression: function_call_serialization/deserialize_function_call — ❌ 1.15x slower

kvm / intel (Linux) (✅ **1.07x slower** → 🚀 **11.85x faster**)

alloc_fragmented

	fragmented_256
	11.54 ns (---)

alloc_lifo

	``
256	1.14 µs (---)
4096	1.18 µs (---)
1500	1.18 µs (---)

alloc_single

	``
64	11.41 ns (---)
256	11.37 ns (---)
128	11.39 ns (---)
512	11.69 ns (---)
4096	11.67 ns (---)
1024	11.73 ns (---)
1500	11.67 ns (---)

free

	``
256	11.42 ns (---)
4096	11.99 ns (---)
1500	11.81 ns (---)

free_list_reuse

	fifo_pattern	lifo_pattern
	25.80 ns (---)	22.90 ns (---)

function_call_serialization

	serialize_function_call	deserialize_function_call
	5.10 ms (✅ 1.12x faster)	7.96 ms (✅ 1.57x faster)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread	call	interrupt_latency
small	32.68 µs (✅ 1.15x faster)	31.45 µs (✅ 1.20x faster)		17.57 µs (✅ 1.07x faster)
			6.77 ms (✅ 1.02x slower)		18.38 µs (✅ 1.47x faster)
large	32.75 µs (✅ 1.07x faster)	67.97 µs (✅ 1.13x faster)		17.64 µs (✅ 1.09x faster)
medium	32.81 µs (✅ 1.15x faster)	37.11 µs (✅ 1.16x faster)		16.82 µs (✅ 1.12x faster)
default	33.73 µs (✅ 1.10x faster)	31.09 µs (✅ 1.21x faster)		17.42 µs (✅ 1.09x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	559.91 ms (✅ 1.22x faster)

recycle_pool

	alloc_dealloc_128	alloc_dealloc_1500	alloc_sg_64k	alloc_dealloc_4096
	7.07 ns (---)	7.08 ns (---)	252.85 ns (---)	7.06 ns (---)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_rust	24K_in_8K_out_c
	27.77 µs (🚀 4.00x faster)	27.87 µs (🚀 3.81x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized	create_uninitialized	create_initialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized_and_drop
default	1.66 ms (✅ 1.26x faster)	346.23 µs (✅ 1.41x faster)	12.15 ms (✅ 1.07x slower)	375.18 µs (✅ 1.42x faster)
large	66.50 ms (🚀 2.34x faster)	65.00 ms (🚀 2.36x faster)	76.06 ms (🚀 2.21x faster)	62.42 ms (🚀 2.47x faster)
small	3.43 ms (✅ 1.61x faster)	2.02 ms (✅ 1.77x faster)	15.28 ms (✅ 1.13x faster)	2.00 ms (🚀 1.83x faster)
medium	18.66 ms (🚀 2.30x faster)	16.87 ms (🚀 2.41x faster)	28.87 ms (🚀 1.90x faster)	16.78 ms (🚀 2.40x faster)

segmented_payload

	``
8192	13.03 ns (---)
65536	28.95 ns (---)
262144	82.86 ns (---)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	fill	copy_to_slice
1MB	41.79 µs (✅ 1.12x faster)	23.38 µs (✅ 1.53x faster)	37.29 µs (✅ 1.10x faster)
64MB	4.57 ms (🚀 2.46x faster)	2.39 ms (✅ 1.29x faster)	4.60 ms (✅ 1.21x faster)

snapshots

	create	restore
large	156.77 ms (🚀 1.89x faster)	50.52 µs (🚀 11.85x faster)
small	2.28 ms (✅ 1.74x faster)	9.98 µs (✅ 1.15x faster)
medium	37.17 ms (🚀 2.01x faster)	13.41 µs (✅ 1.25x faster)
default	261.86 µs (✅ 1.47x faster)	9.69 µs (✅ 1.14x faster)

virtq_readonly_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	buffer_pool_run
8192	517.54 ns (---)	633.29 ns (---)	656.02 ns (---)	511.93 ns (---)
65536	4.46 µs (---)	5.29 µs (---)	5.31 µs (---)	4.48 µs (---)
262144	16.18 µs (---)	20.30 µs (---)	20.45 µs (---)	16.17 µs (---)

virtq_readwrite_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	buffer_pool_run
8192	713.44 ns (---)	939.27 ns (---)	946.94 ns (---)	713.99 ns (---)
65536	6.10 µs (---)	9.01 µs (---)	9.13 µs (---)	6.05 µs (---)
262144	22.23 µs (---)	34.04 µs (---)	34.47 µs (---)	22.21 µs (---)

Summary

• Biggest gain: snapshots/restore/large — 🚀 11.85x faster
• Worst regression: sandboxes/create_initialized_and_drop/default — ✅ 1.07x slower

mshv3 / amd (Linux) (❌ *1.18x slower* → 🚀 **8.04x faster**)

alloc_fragmented

	fragmented_256
	15.22 ns (---)

alloc_lifo

	``
4096	1.54 µs (---)
256	1.52 µs (---)
1500	1.54 µs (---)

alloc_single

	``
128	15.12 ns (---)
4096	15.69 ns (---)
256	15.12 ns (---)
1500	15.69 ns (---)
1024	15.71 ns (---)
512	15.70 ns (---)
64	15.13 ns (---)

free

	``
4096	15.55 ns (---)
256	15.39 ns (---)
1500	15.57 ns (---)

free_list_reuse

	lifo_pattern	fifo_pattern
	30.36 ns (---)	24.29 ns (---)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	6.17 ms (✅ 1.12x faster)	4.89 ms (✅ 1.08x faster)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	call	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	58.54 µs (✅ 1.58x faster)	130.10 µs (✅ 1.26x faster)	39.06 µs (✅ 1.36x faster)
small	58.84 µs (✅ 1.55x faster)	133.64 µs (✅ 1.18x faster)	36.93 µs (✅ 1.46x faster)
large	59.46 µs (✅ 1.53x faster)	189.54 µs (✅ 1.23x faster)	37.21 µs (✅ 1.52x faster)
				50.41 µs (✅ 1.51x faster)	53.33 µs (✅ 1.08x slower)
medium	58.70 µs (✅ 1.51x faster)	139.91 µs (✅ 1.21x faster)	37.13 µs (✅ 1.52x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	73.45 ms (✅ 1.02x faster)

recycle_pool

	alloc_dealloc_128	alloc_dealloc_4096	alloc_sg_64k	alloc_dealloc_1500
	9.79 ns (---)	9.79 ns (---)	304.35 ns (---)	9.78 ns (---)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_rust	24K_in_8K_out_c
	49.65 µs (✅ 1.73x faster)	47.87 µs (✅ 1.68x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized	create_initialized
medium	46.74 ms (✅ 1.33x faster)	10.67 ms (🚀 2.44x faster)	10.30 ms (🚀 2.50x faster)	13.06 ms (🚀 2.17x faster)
small	36.14 ms (✅ 1.16x faster)	1.99 ms (🚀 2.05x faster)	1.80 ms (🚀 2.15x faster)	3.40 ms (✅ 1.70x faster)
large	85.96 ms (✅ 1.68x faster)	35.64 ms (🚀 2.72x faster)	34.92 ms (🚀 2.70x faster)	42.60 ms (🚀 2.42x faster)
default	33.82 ms (✅ 1.02x faster)	533.85 µs (✅ 1.20x faster)	492.30 µs (✅ 1.24x faster)	1.38 ms (✅ 1.10x faster)

segmented_payload

	``
262144	78.43 ns (---)
65536	29.71 ns (---)
8192	16.41 ns (---)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
64MB	5.09 ms (✅ 1.10x faster)	4.88 ms (✅ 1.00x slower)	2.58 ms (✅ 1.45x faster)
1MB	49.00 µs (❌ 1.18x slower)	48.53 µs (❌ 1.14x slower)	34.98 µs (✅ 1.18x faster)

snapshots

	restore	create
default	75.46 µs (✅ 1.12x faster)	433.19 µs (✅ 1.18x faster)
large	194.12 µs (🚀 8.04x faster)	113.83 ms (🚀 2.11x faster)
medium	88.35 µs (✅ 1.36x faster)	28.29 ms (🚀 2.03x faster)
small	76.40 µs (✅ 1.18x faster)	2.56 ms (✅ 1.73x faster)

virtq_readonly_allocator_strategy

	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	buffer_pool_run
262144	22.50 µs (---)	23.70 µs (---)	15.94 µs (---)	15.85 µs (---)
65536	5.77 µs (---)	5.83 µs (---)	4.37 µs (---)	4.38 µs (---)
8192	976.16 ns (---)	955.57 ns (---)	738.87 ns (---)	799.93 ns (---)

virtq_readwrite_allocator_strategy

	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	buffer_pool_run
262144	39.76 µs (---)	39.43 µs (---)	25.51 µs (---)	25.53 µs (---)
65536	9.38 µs (---)	9.41 µs (---)	6.05 µs (---)	6.06 µs (---)
8192	1.48 µs (---)	1.42 µs (---)	1.19 µs (---)	1.20 µs (---)

Summary

• Biggest gain: snapshots/restore/large — 🚀 8.04x faster
• Worst regression: shared_memory/copy_from_slice/1MB — ❌ 1.18x slower

mshv3 / intel (Linux) (✅ **1.11x slower** → 🚀 **2.85x faster**)

alloc_fragmented

	fragmented_256
	14.24 ns (---)

alloc_lifo

	``
4096	1.44 µs (---)
256	1.40 µs (---)
1500	1.44 µs (---)

alloc_single

	``
4096	14.23 ns (---)
256	13.93 ns (---)
512	14.38 ns (---)
64	13.94 ns (---)
1024	14.23 ns (---)
1500	14.23 ns (---)
128	13.93 ns (---)

free

	``
4096	14.39 ns (---)
256	14.19 ns (---)
1500	14.29 ns (---)

free_list_reuse

	lifo_pattern	fifo_pattern
	27.94 ns (---)	20.66 ns (---)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	13.67 ms (✅ 1.01x faster)	10.50 ms (✅ 1.00x slower)

guest_calls

	call	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	interrupt_latency	different_thread
large	74.99 µs (✅ 1.36x faster)	111.51 µs (✅ 1.56x faster)	350.17 µs (✅ 1.19x faster)
small	75.90 µs (✅ 1.40x faster)	111.83 µs (✅ 1.55x faster)	240.59 µs (✅ 1.15x faster)
default	74.67 µs (✅ 1.40x faster)	112.17 µs (✅ 1.50x faster)	244.15 µs (✅ 1.14x faster)
medium	75.20 µs (✅ 1.35x faster)	109.99 µs (✅ 1.54x faster)	256.20 µs (✅ 1.14x faster)
				91.12 µs (✅ 1.06x slower)	93.55 µs (✅ 1.31x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	110.00 ms (✅ 1.17x faster)

recycle_pool

	alloc_sg_64k	alloc_dealloc_4096	alloc_dealloc_128	alloc_dealloc_1500
	284.08 ns (---)	9.48 ns (---)	9.51 ns (---)	9.56 ns (---)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	90.97 µs (✅ 1.59x faster)	93.31 µs (✅ 1.57x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_initialized
large	111.56 ms (✅ 1.39x faster)	61.84 ms (✅ 1.73x faster)	62.84 ms (✅ 1.68x faster)	70.09 ms (✅ 1.61x faster)
default	32.74 ms (✅ 1.01x faster)	369.81 µs (✅ 1.33x faster)	401.55 µs (✅ 1.28x faster)	1.57 ms (✅ 1.06x faster)
medium	57.00 ms (✅ 1.11x faster)	17.51 ms (✅ 1.61x faster)	17.19 ms (✅ 1.64x faster)	20.21 ms (✅ 1.55x faster)
small	41.90 ms (✅ 1.01x faster)	3.19 ms (✅ 1.37x faster)	2.88 ms (✅ 1.56x faster)	5.04 ms (✅ 1.29x faster)

segmented_payload

	``
262144	86.60 ns (---)
8192	15.18 ns (---)
65536	30.84 ns (---)

shared_memory

	fill	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice
64MB	7.24 ms (✅ 1.00x faster)	12.40 ms (✅ 1.09x slower)	8.90 ms (✅ 1.06x faster)
1MB	32.52 µs (✅ 1.17x faster)	64.96 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)	42.90 µs (✅ 1.11x slower)

snapshots

	restore	create
large	916.67 µs (🚀 2.85x faster)	159.45 ms (✅ 1.32x faster)
small	157.51 µs (✅ 1.00x slower)	3.85 ms (✅ 1.55x faster)
default	158.66 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)	356.40 µs (✅ 1.27x faster)
medium	173.57 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)	41.22 ms (✅ 1.33x faster)

virtq_readonly_allocator_strategy

	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	buffer_pool_run	recycle_pool_segmented	buffer_pool_run_fragmented
262144	21.35 µs (---)	15.86 µs (---)	21.39 µs (---)	15.86 µs (---)
8192	667.30 ns (---)	569.79 ns (---)	666.21 ns (---)	550.11 ns (---)
65536	5.50 µs (---)	4.37 µs (---)	5.62 µs (---)	4.36 µs (---)

virtq_readwrite_allocator_strategy

	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	buffer_pool_run	recycle_pool_segmented	buffer_pool_run_fragmented
262144	44.12 µs (---)	26.07 µs (---)	42.69 µs (---)	25.85 µs (---)
8192	1.06 µs (---)	752.00 ns (---)	1.07 µs (---)	755.58 ns (---)
65536	9.38 µs (---)	5.89 µs (---)	9.32 µs (---)	5.89 µs (---)

Summary

• Biggest gain: snapshots/restore/large — 🚀 2.85x faster
• Worst regression: shared_memory/copy_to_slice/1MB — ✅ 1.11x slower

hyperv-ws2025 / amd (Windows) (❌ *1.29x slower* → ✅ **1.46x faster**)

alloc_fragmented

	fragmented_256
	15.41 ns (---)

alloc_lifo

	``
1500	1.60 µs (---)
256	1.54 µs (---)
4096	1.60 µs (---)

alloc_single

	``
1024	16.10 ns (---)
128	15.41 ns (---)
1500	15.98 ns (---)
256	15.39 ns (---)
4096	15.99 ns (---)
512	15.98 ns (---)
64	15.34 ns (---)

free

	``
1500	16.01 ns (---)
256	15.36 ns (---)
4096	15.96 ns (---)

free_list_reuse

	fifo_pattern	lifo_pattern
	22.35 ns (---)	31.02 ns (---)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	10.58 ms (✅ 1.08x slower)	8.98 ms (✅ 1.05x slower)

guest_calls

	call	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	40.16 µs (✅ 1.00x slower)	66.37 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)	155.98 µs (✅ 1.10x slower)
large	43.25 µs (✅ 1.09x slower)	67.76 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)	333.92 µs (✅ 1.07x slower)
medium	42.57 µs (✅ 1.08x slower)	68.61 µs (✅ 1.07x slower)	190.69 µs (✅ 1.10x slower)
small	41.07 µs (✅ 1.07x slower)	67.41 µs (✅ 1.07x slower)	147.17 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)
				78.14 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)	34.03 µs (❌ 1.13x slower)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	3.66 s (✅ 1.11x slower)

recycle_pool

	alloc_dealloc_128	alloc_dealloc_1500	alloc_dealloc_4096	alloc_sg_64k
	9.87 ns (---)	9.87 ns (---)	10.03 ns (---)	351.66 ns (---)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	63.09 µs (✅ 1.15x faster)	65.66 µs (✅ 1.12x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized
default	5.77 ms (❌ 1.15x slower)	3.89 ms (✅ 1.09x faster)	1.03 ms (✅ 1.26x faster)	1.03 ms (✅ 1.46x faster)
large	272.55 ms (✅ 1.23x faster)	237.72 ms (✅ 1.26x faster)	313.10 ms (✅ 1.20x faster)	287.44 ms (✅ 1.21x faster)
medium	71.14 ms (✅ 1.19x faster)	61.31 ms (✅ 1.23x faster)	78.77 ms (✅ 1.20x faster)	72.76 ms (✅ 1.21x faster)
small	14.44 ms (✅ 1.07x faster)	11.47 ms (✅ 1.17x faster)	10.66 ms (✅ 1.19x faster)	9.99 ms (✅ 1.20x faster)

segmented_payload

	``
262144	83.25 ns (---)
65536	30.14 ns (---)
8192	16.91 ns (---)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
1MB	42.85 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)	43.13 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)	41.67 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)
64MB	9.91 ms (❌ 1.19x slower)	10.33 ms (✅ 1.09x slower)	6.56 ms (✅ 1.06x slower)

snapshots

	create	restore
default	637.67 µs (✅ 1.17x faster)	90.97 µs (❌ 1.20x slower)
large	316.11 ms (✅ 1.20x faster)	40.35 ms (✅ 1.03x slower)
medium	74.02 ms (✅ 1.21x faster)	137.44 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)
small	9.31 ms (✅ 1.22x faster)	99.71 µs (❌ 1.29x slower)

virtq_readonly_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented
262144	17.77 µs (---)	18.31 µs (---)	25.93 µs (---)	25.85 µs (---)
65536	4.53 µs (---)	4.82 µs (---)	5.91 µs (---)	5.96 µs (---)
8192	807.66 ns (---)	821.96 ns (---)	950.84 ns (---)	927.53 ns (---)

virtq_readwrite_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented
262144	25.97 µs (---)	25.91 µs (---)	44.35 µs (---)	48.28 µs (---)
65536	6.60 µs (---)	6.55 µs (---)	10.75 µs (---)	10.87 µs (---)
8192	1.22 µs (---)	1.22 µs (---)	1.39 µs (---)	1.42 µs (---)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_uninitialized/default — ✅ 1.46x faster
• Worst regression: snapshots/restore/small — ❌ 1.29x slower

[hyperlight-gh-bot]

Benchmark Results

kvm / amd (Linux) (❌ *1.13x slower* → 🚀 **2.73x faster**)

alloc_fragmented

	fragmented_256
	11.85 ns (---)

alloc_lifo

	``
256	1.20 µs (---)
4096	1.20 µs (---)
1500	1.21 µs (---)

alloc_single

	``
64	11.77 ns (---)
256	11.78 ns (---)
128	11.77 ns (---)
512	12.07 ns (---)
4096	12.27 ns (---)
1024	12.08 ns (---)
1500	12.09 ns (---)

free

	``
256	11.76 ns (---)
4096	12.13 ns (---)
1500	12.10 ns (---)

free_list_reuse

	fifo_pattern	lifo_pattern
	20.14 ns (---)	23.75 ns (---)

function_call_serialization

	serialize_function_call	deserialize_function_call
	4.95 ms (❌ 1.13x slower)	9.04 ms (✅ 1.05x slower)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread	call	interrupt_latency
small	23.91 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)	73.49 µs (❌ 1.11x slower)		14.00 µs (❌ 1.12x slower)
			6.73 ms (✅ 1.01x slower)		21.68 µs (✅ 1.07x slower)
large	24.59 µs (✅ 1.08x slower)	99.02 µs (✅ 1.06x slower)		13.25 µs (✅ 1.07x slower)
medium	24.59 µs (❌ 1.12x slower)	78.97 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)		14.07 µs (❌ 1.12x slower)
default	25.69 µs (❌ 1.11x slower)	68.00 µs (❌ 1.12x slower)		14.05 µs (✅ 1.11x slower)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	589.06 ms (✅ 1.06x slower)

recycle_pool

	alloc_dealloc_128	alloc_dealloc_1500	alloc_sg_64k	alloc_dealloc_4096
	7.62 ns (---)	7.62 ns (---)	256.77 ns (---)	7.69 ns (---)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_rust	24K_in_8K_out_c
	23.04 µs (✅ 1.69x faster)	22.15 µs (✅ 1.73x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized	create_uninitialized	create_initialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized_and_drop
default	1.83 ms (✅ 1.01x slower)	418.26 µs (✅ 1.24x faster)	11.88 ms (✅ 1.02x slower)	450.25 µs (✅ 1.25x faster)
large	25.87 ms (🚀 2.59x faster)	23.85 ms (🚀 2.73x faster)	38.54 ms (🚀 2.03x faster)	24.56 ms (🚀 2.69x faster)
small	3.86 ms (✅ 1.29x faster)	2.03 ms (🚀 1.86x faster)	15.86 ms (✅ 1.01x slower)	2.21 ms (✅ 1.62x faster)
medium	9.25 ms (🚀 2.09x faster)	7.51 ms (🚀 2.35x faster)	21.13 ms (✅ 1.45x faster)	7.83 ms (🚀 2.30x faster)

segmented_payload

	``
8192	12.81 ns (---)
65536	23.17 ns (---)
262144	61.05 ns (---)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	fill	copy_to_slice
1MB	37.28 µs (✅ 1.06x faster)	27.33 µs (✅ 1.32x faster)	37.61 µs (✅ 1.02x faster)
64MB	4.44 ms (✅ 1.04x slower)	2.20 ms (✅ 1.14x faster)	4.20 ms (✅ 1.03x slower)

snapshots

	create	restore
large	84.80 ms (✅ 1.65x faster)	35.87 µs (✅ 1.53x faster)
small	2.32 ms (✅ 1.52x faster)	11.52 µs (✅ 1.09x slower)
medium	21.71 ms (✅ 1.61x faster)	15.35 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)
default	327.97 µs (✅ 1.19x faster)	10.61 µs (✅ 1.05x slower)

virtq_readonly_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	buffer_pool_run
8192	662.92 ns (---)	785.15 ns (---)	855.09 ns (---)	676.99 ns (---)
65536	3.47 µs (---)	4.66 µs (---)	4.80 µs (---)	3.46 µs (---)
262144	18.15 µs (---)	18.29 µs (---)	26.39 µs (---)	14.28 µs (---)

virtq_readwrite_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	buffer_pool_run
8192	952.47 ns (---)	1.21 µs (---)	1.19 µs (---)	945.89 ns (---)
65536	4.90 µs (---)	7.99 µs (---)	7.76 µs (---)	4.91 µs (---)
262144	21.81 µs (---)	31.76 µs (---)	31.75 µs (---)	21.86 µs (---)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_uninitialized/large — 🚀 2.73x faster
• Worst regression: function_call_serialization/serialize_function_call — ❌ 1.13x slower

kvm / intel (Linux) (✅ **1.08x slower** → 🚀 **11.46x faster**)

alloc_fragmented

	fragmented_256
	13.25 ns (---)

alloc_lifo

	``
256	1.31 µs (---)
4096	1.35 µs (---)
1500	1.36 µs (---)

alloc_single

	``
64	12.87 ns (---)
256	12.89 ns (---)
128	12.90 ns (---)
512	13.31 ns (---)
4096	13.39 ns (---)
1024	13.36 ns (---)
1500	13.33 ns (---)

free

	``
256	13.06 ns (---)
4096	13.44 ns (---)
1500	13.56 ns (---)

free_list_reuse

	fifo_pattern	lifo_pattern
	26.16 ns (---)	26.07 ns (---)

function_call_serialization

	serialize_function_call	deserialize_function_call
	5.82 ms (✅ 1.02x slower)	8.62 ms (✅ 1.45x faster)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread	call	interrupt_latency
small	36.32 µs (✅ 1.06x faster)	36.97 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)		20.08 µs (✅ 1.08x slower)
			6.70 ms (✅ 1.01x slower)		21.14 µs (✅ 1.28x faster)
large	37.34 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)	80.70 µs (✅ 1.05x slower)		20.35 µs (✅ 1.06x slower)
medium	37.66 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)	40.91 µs (✅ 1.04x faster)		20.51 µs (✅ 1.06x slower)
default	34.74 µs (✅ 1.08x faster)	35.96 µs (✅ 1.04x faster)		19.07 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	605.61 ms (✅ 1.13x faster)

recycle_pool

	alloc_dealloc_128	alloc_dealloc_1500	alloc_sg_64k	alloc_dealloc_4096
	8.08 ns (---)	8.10 ns (---)	291.63 ns (---)	8.13 ns (---)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_rust	24K_in_8K_out_c
	31.48 µs (🚀 3.52x faster)	31.97 µs (🚀 3.31x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized	create_uninitialized	create_initialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized_and_drop
default	1.84 ms (✅ 1.14x faster)	376.96 µs (✅ 1.30x faster)	11.47 ms (✅ 1.01x slower)	417.76 µs (✅ 1.29x faster)
large	67.45 ms (🚀 2.31x faster)	65.20 ms (🚀 2.35x faster)	79.75 ms (🚀 2.11x faster)	67.12 ms (🚀 2.29x faster)
small	3.76 ms (✅ 1.47x faster)	2.22 ms (✅ 1.61x faster)	15.71 ms (✅ 1.10x faster)	2.30 ms (✅ 1.59x faster)
medium	19.45 ms (🚀 2.21x faster)	17.53 ms (🚀 2.32x faster)	31.48 ms (✅ 1.75x faster)	18.11 ms (🚀 2.22x faster)

segmented_payload

	``
8192	14.83 ns (---)
65536	33.41 ns (---)
262144	94.90 ns (---)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	fill	copy_to_slice
1MB	45.87 µs (✅ 1.02x faster)	26.87 µs (✅ 1.34x faster)	42.69 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)
64MB	5.50 ms (🚀 2.05x faster)	2.77 ms (✅ 1.12x faster)	4.99 ms (✅ 1.11x faster)

snapshots

	create	restore
large	160.24 ms (🚀 1.85x faster)	54.36 µs (🚀 11.46x faster)
small	2.44 ms (✅ 1.63x faster)	11.33 µs (✅ 1.02x faster)
medium	39.28 ms (🚀 1.90x faster)	14.87 µs (✅ 1.13x faster)
default	290.36 µs (✅ 1.32x faster)	10.84 µs (✅ 1.02x faster)

virtq_readonly_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	buffer_pool_run
8192	581.59 ns (---)	718.98 ns (---)	719.95 ns (---)	573.62 ns (---)
65536	5.03 µs (---)	6.19 µs (---)	6.01 µs (---)	5.04 µs (---)
262144	18.57 µs (---)	23.04 µs (---)	23.12 µs (---)	18.53 µs (---)

virtq_readwrite_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	buffer_pool_run
8192	817.20 ns (---)	1.05 µs (---)	1.09 µs (---)	816.07 ns (---)
65536	7.03 µs (---)	10.15 µs (---)	10.21 µs (---)	7.00 µs (---)
262144	25.25 µs (---)	38.83 µs (---)	38.20 µs (---)	25.04 µs (---)

Summary

• Biggest gain: snapshots/restore/large — 🚀 11.46x faster
• Worst regression: guest_calls/call/small — ✅ 1.08x slower

mshv3 / amd (Linux) (✅ **1.11x slower** → 🚀 **4.25x faster**)

alloc_fragmented

	fragmented_256
	14.99 ns (---)

alloc_lifo

	``
4096	1.48 µs (---)
256	1.43 µs (---)
1500	1.47 µs (---)

alloc_single

	``
128	14.36 ns (---)
4096	14.61 ns (---)
256	14.27 ns (---)
1500	14.62 ns (---)
1024	14.62 ns (---)
512	14.72 ns (---)
64	14.33 ns (---)

free

	``
4096	15.03 ns (---)
256	14.58 ns (---)
1500	14.94 ns (---)

free_list_reuse

	lifo_pattern	fifo_pattern
	28.87 ns (---)	21.63 ns (---)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	7.24 ms (✅ 1.05x slower)	5.40 ms (✅ 1.02x slower)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	call	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	64.32 µs (✅ 1.43x faster)	132.42 µs (✅ 1.20x faster)	42.94 µs (✅ 1.24x faster)
small	64.34 µs (✅ 1.43x faster)	140.86 µs (✅ 1.11x faster)	40.46 µs (✅ 1.39x faster)
large	62.94 µs (✅ 1.43x faster)	213.68 µs (✅ 1.12x faster)	40.12 µs (✅ 1.39x faster)
				59.83 µs (✅ 1.28x faster)	48.29 µs (✅ 1.03x faster)
medium	64.14 µs (✅ 1.38x faster)	155.03 µs (✅ 1.09x faster)	39.69 µs (✅ 1.40x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	76.10 ms (✅ 1.02x slower)

recycle_pool

	alloc_dealloc_128	alloc_dealloc_4096	alloc_sg_64k	alloc_dealloc_1500
	9.40 ns (---)	9.43 ns (---)	284.52 ns (---)	9.46 ns (---)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_rust	24K_in_8K_out_c
	60.89 µs (✅ 1.41x faster)	60.91 µs (✅ 1.33x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized	create_initialized
medium	45.32 ms (✅ 1.38x faster)	10.05 ms (🚀 2.59x faster)	9.48 ms (🚀 2.71x faster)	12.22 ms (🚀 2.32x faster)
small	33.98 ms (✅ 1.23x faster)	1.94 ms (🚀 2.09x faster)	1.80 ms (🚀 2.15x faster)	3.15 ms (🚀 1.84x faster)
large	82.64 ms (✅ 1.75x faster)	32.65 ms (🚀 2.97x faster)	32.40 ms (🚀 2.91x faster)	40.23 ms (🚀 2.56x faster)
default	33.90 ms (✅ 1.02x faster)	468.65 µs (✅ 1.37x faster)	440.70 µs (✅ 1.38x faster)	1.39 ms (✅ 1.10x faster)

segmented_payload

	``
262144	81.50 ns (---)
65536	28.88 ns (---)
8192	15.88 ns (---)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
64MB	6.20 ms (✅ 1.11x slower)	5.10 ms (✅ 1.05x slower)	3.73 ms (✅ 1.00x faster)
1MB	41.39 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)	42.44 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)	41.29 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)

snapshots

	restore	create
default	81.13 µs (✅ 1.04x faster)	356.02 µs (✅ 1.43x faster)
large	316.48 µs (🚀 4.25x faster)	167.80 ms (✅ 1.43x faster)
medium	99.83 µs (✅ 1.23x faster)	40.96 ms (✅ 1.40x faster)
small	84.01 µs (✅ 1.07x faster)	2.25 ms (🚀 1.96x faster)

virtq_readonly_allocator_strategy

	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	buffer_pool_run
262144	27.89 µs (---)	26.54 µs (---)	15.89 µs (---)	17.16 µs (---)
65536	6.01 µs (---)	5.93 µs (---)	4.04 µs (---)	4.04 µs (---)
8192	927.00 ns (---)	942.56 ns (---)	708.93 ns (---)	753.64 ns (---)

virtq_readwrite_allocator_strategy

	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	buffer_pool_run
262144	45.09 µs (---)	40.13 µs (---)	27.94 µs (---)	27.81 µs (---)
65536	10.39 µs (---)	9.72 µs (---)	5.69 µs (---)	5.67 µs (---)
8192	1.34 µs (---)	1.37 µs (---)	1.14 µs (---)	1.11 µs (---)

Summary

• Biggest gain: snapshots/restore/large — 🚀 4.25x faster
• Worst regression: shared_memory/copy_from_slice/64MB — ✅ 1.11x slower

mshv3 / intel (Linux) (❌ *1.16x slower* → 🚀 **3.13x faster**)

alloc_fragmented

	fragmented_256
	14.37 ns (---)

alloc_lifo

	``
1500	1.43 µs (---)
256	1.41 µs (---)
4096	1.43 µs (---)

alloc_single

	``
1024	14.37 ns (---)
1500	14.40 ns (---)
128	13.91 ns (---)
256	13.97 ns (---)
64	13.91 ns (---)
4096	14.34 ns (---)
512	14.39 ns (---)

free

	``
1500	14.26 ns (---)
256	14.18 ns (---)
4096	14.23 ns (---)

free_list_reuse

	lifo_pattern	fifo_pattern
	27.96 ns (---)	24.24 ns (---)

function_call_serialization

	serialize_function_call	deserialize_function_call
	10.42 ms (✅ 1.01x faster)	13.72 ms (✅ 1.01x faster)

guest_calls

	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread	call	interrupt_latency
small	70.06 µs (🚀 2.46x faster)	130.60 µs (🚀 2.11x faster)		43.91 µs (🚀 2.41x faster)
default	68.97 µs (🚀 2.41x faster)	136.43 µs (🚀 2.02x faster)		43.95 µs (🚀 2.37x faster)
medium	68.74 µs (🚀 2.47x faster)	140.78 µs (🚀 2.04x faster)		43.53 µs (🚀 2.35x faster)
			58.05 µs (🚀 2.11x faster)		59.55 µs (✅ 1.45x faster)
large	69.09 µs (🚀 2.51x faster)	246.02 µs (✅ 1.65x faster)		43.97 µs (🚀 2.31x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	107.12 ms (✅ 1.20x faster)

recycle_pool

	alloc_sg_64k	alloc_dealloc_4096	alloc_dealloc_128	alloc_dealloc_1500
	293.98 ns (---)	9.49 ns (---)	9.48 ns (---)	9.56 ns (---)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_rust	24K_in_8K_out_c
	56.80 µs (🚀 2.57x faster)	55.12 µs (🚀 2.64x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_initialized	create_uninitialized
small	43.48 ms (✅ 1.03x slower)	2.35 ms (🚀 1.92x faster)	4.93 ms (✅ 1.31x faster)	2.55 ms (✅ 1.71x faster)
large	112.08 ms (✅ 1.39x faster)	63.22 ms (✅ 1.67x faster)	70.20 ms (✅ 1.60x faster)	64.00 ms (✅ 1.67x faster)
medium	56.84 ms (✅ 1.11x faster)	17.46 ms (✅ 1.61x faster)	19.92 ms (✅ 1.58x faster)	17.80 ms (✅ 1.59x faster)
default	33.56 ms (✅ 1.01x slower)	395.95 µs (✅ 1.30x faster)	1.54 ms (✅ 1.09x faster)	360.00 µs (✅ 1.36x faster)

segmented_payload

	``
65536	30.83 ns (---)
262144	86.58 ns (---)
8192	15.42 ns (---)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	fill	copy_to_slice
1MB	72.36 µs (❌ 1.16x slower)	32.53 µs (✅ 1.17x faster)	43.37 µs (❌ 1.12x slower)
64MB	11.69 ms (✅ 1.03x slower)	6.99 ms (✅ 1.04x faster)	8.77 ms (✅ 1.08x faster)

snapshots

	create	restore
medium	41.74 ms (✅ 1.32x faster)	93.06 µs (🚀 1.85x faster)
large	160.09 ms (✅ 1.31x faster)	833.84 µs (🚀 3.13x faster)
default	324.64 µs (✅ 1.40x faster)	83.25 µs (🚀 1.90x faster)
small	3.55 ms (✅ 1.68x faster)	80.56 µs (🚀 1.93x faster)

virtq_readonly_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented
65536	4.36 µs (---)	5.57 µs (---)	4.36 µs (---)	5.53 µs (---)
262144	15.93 µs (---)	21.16 µs (---)	16.07 µs (---)	20.72 µs (---)
8192	581.79 ns (---)	675.47 ns (---)	559.87 ns (---)	674.40 ns (---)

virtq_readwrite_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented
65536	5.99 µs (---)	9.19 µs (---)	5.99 µs (---)	9.20 µs (---)
262144	24.98 µs (---)	42.19 µs (---)	25.17 µs (---)	40.21 µs (---)
8192	742.02 ns (---)	1.00 µs (---)	747.60 ns (---)	1.09 µs (---)

Summary

• Biggest gain: snapshots/restore/large — 🚀 3.13x faster
• Worst regression: shared_memory/copy_from_slice/1MB — ❌ 1.16x slower

hyperv-ws2025 / amd (Windows) (✅ **1.11x slower** → 🚀 **1.95x faster**)

alloc_fragmented

	fragmented_256
	15.72 ns (---)

alloc_lifo

	``
1500	1.60 µs (---)
256	1.55 µs (---)
4096	1.61 µs (---)

alloc_single

	``
1024	16.29 ns (---)
128	15.65 ns (---)
1500	16.29 ns (---)
256	15.69 ns (---)
4096	16.30 ns (---)
512	16.32 ns (---)
64	15.64 ns (---)

free

	``
1500	15.97 ns (---)
256	15.35 ns (---)
4096	15.98 ns (---)

free_list_reuse

	fifo_pattern	lifo_pattern
	22.45 ns (---)	30.85 ns (---)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	9.17 ms (✅ 1.07x faster)	7.80 ms (✅ 1.10x faster)

guest_calls

	call	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	41.78 µs (✅ 1.06x slower)	64.11 µs (✅ 1.02x faster)	142.33 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)
large	39.52 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)	65.52 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)	304.57 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)
medium	43.79 µs (✅ 1.11x slower)	64.00 µs (✅ 1.00x slower)	174.39 µs (✅ 1.00x slower)
small	43.28 µs (✅ 1.11x slower)	64.24 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)	148.52 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)
				73.20 µs (✅ 1.04x faster)	29.64 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	3.09 s (✅ 1.07x faster)

recycle_pool

	alloc_dealloc_128	alloc_dealloc_1500	alloc_dealloc_4096	alloc_sg_64k
	9.91 ns (---)	9.85 ns (---)	9.93 ns (---)	363.51 ns (---)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	63.68 µs (✅ 1.13x faster)	63.93 µs (✅ 1.14x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized
default	4.84 ms (✅ 1.04x faster)	3.98 ms (✅ 1.07x faster)	848.55 µs (✅ 1.48x faster)	774.49 µs (🚀 1.95x faster)
large	252.85 ms (✅ 1.33x faster)	221.07 ms (✅ 1.35x faster)	235.90 ms (✅ 1.59x faster)	212.90 ms (✅ 1.63x faster)
medium	67.20 ms (✅ 1.26x faster)	58.46 ms (✅ 1.29x faster)	59.82 ms (✅ 1.59x faster)	53.30 ms (✅ 1.65x faster)
small	12.96 ms (✅ 1.20x faster)	11.17 ms (✅ 1.21x faster)	8.01 ms (✅ 1.58x faster)	7.40 ms (✅ 1.62x faster)

segmented_payload

	``
262144	83.26 ns (---)
65536	30.10 ns (---)
8192	16.99 ns (---)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
1MB	42.10 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)	42.64 µs (✅ 1.04x faster)	41.39 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)
64MB	7.53 ms (✅ 1.11x faster)	8.34 ms (✅ 1.13x faster)	5.71 ms (✅ 1.08x faster)

snapshots

	create	restore
default	581.14 µs (✅ 1.26x faster)	75.10 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)
large	292.12 ms (✅ 1.30x faster)	40.84 ms (✅ 1.05x slower)
medium	72.82 ms (✅ 1.23x faster)	132.63 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)
small	9.04 ms (✅ 1.26x faster)	78.50 µs (✅ 1.01x slower)

virtq_readonly_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented
262144	18.02 µs (---)	17.81 µs (---)	27.41 µs (---)	26.54 µs (---)
65536	4.24 µs (---)	4.21 µs (---)	6.05 µs (---)	6.21 µs (---)
8192	749.55 ns (---)	735.49 ns (---)	871.75 ns (---)	855.53 ns (---)

virtq_readwrite_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented
262144	110.78 µs (---)	26.62 µs (---)	44.25 µs (---)	46.53 µs (---)
65536	6.41 µs (---)	6.58 µs (---)	10.76 µs (---)	10.65 µs (---)
8192	1.19 µs (---)	1.20 µs (---)	1.42 µs (---)	1.38 µs (---)

Summary

• Biggest gain: sandboxes/create_uninitialized/default — 🚀 1.95x faster
• Worst regression: guest_calls/call/medium — ✅ 1.11x slower

hyperv-ws2025 / intel (Windows) (❌ *1.23x slower* → ✅ **1.76x faster**)

alloc_fragmented

	fragmented_256
	15.26 ns (---)

alloc_lifo

	``
1500	1.65 µs (---)
256	1.50 µs (---)
4096	1.64 µs (---)

alloc_single

	``
1024	16.21 ns (---)
128	14.95 ns (---)
1500	16.24 ns (---)
256	14.97 ns (---)
4096	16.24 ns (---)
512	16.26 ns (---)
64	14.94 ns (---)

free

	``
1500	16.45 ns (---)
256	15.25 ns (---)
4096	16.45 ns (---)

free_list_reuse

	fifo_pattern	lifo_pattern
	21.82 ns (---)	30.15 ns (---)

function_call_serialization

	deserialize_function_call	serialize_function_call
	14.12 ms (✅ 1.04x faster)	12.08 ms (✅ 1.03x slower)

guest_calls

	call	call_with_host_function	call_with_restore	different_thread	interrupt_latency
default	87.14 µs (❌ 1.17x slower)	119.39 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)	250.87 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)
large	79.46 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)	117.19 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)	603.40 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)
medium	101.37 µs (❌ 1.23x slower)	120.79 µs (✅ 1.09x faster)	353.05 µs (✅ 1.07x slower)
small	94.40 µs (❌ 1.18x slower)	120.69 µs (✅ 1.00x faster)	277.77 µs (❌ 1.11x slower)
				113.55 µs (✅ 1.03x slower)	47.69 µs (✅ 1.39x faster)

guest_functions_with_large_parameters

	guest_call_with_large_parameters
	4.68 s (✅ 1.00x slower)

recycle_pool

	alloc_dealloc_128	alloc_dealloc_1500	alloc_dealloc_4096	alloc_sg_64k
	9.98 ns (---)	9.87 ns (---)	9.83 ns (---)	349.53 ns (---)

sample_workloads

	24K_in_8K_out_c	24K_in_8K_out_rust
	97.70 µs (✅ 1.21x faster)	99.15 µs (✅ 1.20x faster)

sandboxes

	create_initialized_and_drop	create_initialized	create_uninitialized_and_drop	create_uninitialized
default	7.22 ms (✅ 1.07x faster)	5.40 ms (✅ 1.08x faster)	985.79 µs (✅ 1.28x faster)	974.51 µs (✅ 1.15x faster)
large	343.34 ms (✅ 1.14x faster)	293.03 ms (✅ 1.11x faster)	327.65 ms (✅ 1.07x faster)	289.81 ms (✅ 1.06x faster)
medium	92.77 ms (✅ 1.12x faster)	79.84 ms (✅ 1.09x faster)	82.45 ms (✅ 1.06x faster)	74.00 ms (✅ 1.06x faster)
small	18.73 ms (✅ 1.11x faster)	15.48 ms (✅ 1.12x faster)	11.08 ms (✅ 1.10x faster)	9.95 ms (✅ 1.07x faster)

segmented_payload

	``
262144	86.03 ns (---)
65536	30.28 ns (---)
8192	17.05 ns (---)

shared_memory

	copy_from_slice	copy_to_slice	fill
1MB	69.63 µs (✅ 1.05x slower)	70.56 µs (✅ 1.02x slower)	33.00 µs (✅ 1.07x faster)
64MB	14.13 ms (✅ 1.01x faster)	16.07 ms (✅ 1.01x faster)	9.44 ms (✅ 1.06x faster)

snapshots

	create	restore
default	753.07 µs (✅ 1.35x faster)	150.03 µs (✅ 1.01x faster)
large	423.52 ms (✅ 1.12x faster)	55.02 ms (✅ 1.04x faster)
medium	107.96 ms (✅ 1.13x faster)	253.88 µs (✅ 1.76x faster)
small	13.45 ms (✅ 1.17x faster)	164.46 µs (✅ 1.04x slower)

virtq_readonly_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented
262144	16.12 µs (---)	15.94 µs (---)	22.04 µs (---)	21.86 µs (---)
65536	4.80 µs (---)	4.81 µs (---)	5.64 µs (---)	5.84 µs (---)
8192	595.39 ns (---)	640.57 ns (---)	746.46 ns (---)	752.56 ns (---)

virtq_readwrite_allocator_strategy

	buffer_pool_run	buffer_pool_run_fragmented	recycle_pool_segmented	recycle_pool_segmented_fragmented
262144	26.08 µs (---)	29.62 µs (---)	49.39 µs (---)	50.29 µs (---)
65536	6.30 µs (---)	6.32 µs (---)	10.44 µs (---)	10.67 µs (---)
8192	935.26 ns (---)	898.59 ns (---)	1.23 µs (---)	1.16 µs (---)

Summary

• Biggest gain: snapshots/restore/medium — ✅ 1.76x faster
• Worst regression: guest_calls/call/medium — ❌ 1.23x slower