chore(rust): bump edition to 2024, MSRV to 1.85, and update dependencies

[if0ne]

Changes

• Rust edition 2021 -> 2024 with corresponding source code fixes for new edition requirements
• MSRV 1.81 -> 1.85 across the Rust workspace
• Arrow crates 57.x -> 58.x (lower bound tightened from >=53.1.0 to >=58)

[eitsupi]

Why choose 1.88?
The constraint by arrow seems to be 1.85.
apache/arrow-rs@9d0e8be

[if0ne]

Initially, I chose 1.88 because adbc_datafusion has an MSRV of 1.88, and the cargo check produced an error when the 1.85 toolchain was selected.

[eitsupi]

I suppose some deprecation warnings can be removed.
See #3894

[if0ne]

CC @eitsupi @lidavidm

[eitsupi]

As I've already commented, if we raise the minimum version of arrow, I think we'll need to replace the deprecated function UnionFields::new to UnionFields::try_new.

arrow-adbc/rust/core/src/schemas.rs

Lines 36 to 37 in 003f5e6

	#[allow(deprecated)] // TODO: remove this once update the minimum arrow version to 57.2.0
	UnionFields::new(

[lidavidm]

I see there's a formatting error

CC @felipecrv any objection to raising MSRV?

[lidavidm]

I squashed/rebased this.

[eitsupi]

Note: The reason why 58 was chosen here instead of 57.2 #4014