fix: raise AirbyteTracedException with config_error in SelectiveAuthenticator

[devin-ai-integration]

Summary

Replaces ValueError with AirbyteTracedException in SelectiveAuthenticator for both error cases (missing config path and unrecognized authenticator key).

Before: When SelectiveAuthenticator could not find the auth selection path in the config (e.g., missing credentials.auth_type), it raised a plain ValueError. The CDK's global exception handler wrapped this into a generic AirbyteTracedException with message=None and failure_type=system_error, which surfaced to the user as: "Something went wrong in the connector. See the logs for more details."

After: SelectiveAuthenticator now raises AirbyteTracedException directly with:

• A clear user-facing message naming the specific config field (e.g., Required field "credentials.auth_type" is missing from connector configuration.)
• A detailed internal_message for debugging (includes the full path and available config keys)
• failure_type=FailureType.config_error instead of system_error

This also converts the second error case (unrecognized authenticator key) from a try/except KeyError to a guard statement, following the coding standards preference for upfront checks.

Impact: Fixes the error for all connectors using SelectiveAuthenticator, including source-google-analytics-data-api (the connector that triggered this issue). The config_error classification stops unnecessary Sentry alerts and tells the platform the user needs to fix their configuration.

Resolves https://github.com/airbytehq/airbyte-internal-issues/issues/16267
Related to https://github.com/airbytehq/oncall/issues/12125

Review & Testing Checklist for Human

• Verify the user-facing messages follow the error message guidelines — no remediation hints, deterministic, under 120 chars
• Confirm config_error is the correct FailureType — this stops retries for affected syncs, which is appropriate since missing auth_type requires a config change

Notes

• The fix is at the CDK level, not connector level. All connectors using SelectiveAuthenticator benefit.
• The internal_message includes available config keys for the missing-path case and available authenticator keys for the unrecognized-value case, aiding debugging.
• This is a non-breaking change (patch). Error messages are not part of the public API contract. The FailureType reclassification (system_error → config_error) stops retries, which is correct since the error genuinely requires user action.

Link to Devin session: https://app.devin.ai/sessions/b34bbdcc89b74b47940bf4532f3d5e5f

[devin-ai-integration]

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[github-actions]

PyTest Results (Fast)

4 042 tests  +2   4 031 ✅ +2   7m 52s ⏱️ +7s
    1 suites ±0      11 💤 ±0 
    1 files   ±0       0 ❌ ±0 

Results for commit e3ab68a. ± Comparison against base commit 886fcf8.

[github-actions]

PyTest Results (Full)

4 045 tests  +2   4 033 ✅ +2   11m 20s ⏱️ -3s
    1 suites ±0      12 💤 ±0 
    1 files   ±0       0 ❌ ±0 

Results for commit e3ab68a. ± Comparison against base commit 886fcf8.