diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 31faa245..dee86ca5 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -574,6 +574,10 @@ end
 The server_context parameter is the server_context passed into the server and can be used to pass per request information,
 e.g. around authentication state.
 
+Tool arguments arrive as a `Hash` with symbol keys at every nesting level, because the transports parse JSON with `symbolize_names: true`.
+Read nested objects with symbol keys (`payload[:subject]`, not `payload["subject"]`).
+See [Tool argument keys](docs/building-servers.md#tool-argument-keys) for details and a testing tip.
+
 ### Tool Annotations
 
 Tools can include annotations that provide additional metadata about their behavior. The following annotations are supported:
diff --git a/docs/building-servers.md b/docs/building-servers.md
index 0fd8d703..c133c70e 100644
--- a/docs/building-servers.md
+++ b/docs/building-servers.md
@@ -180,6 +180,53 @@ server.define_tool(
 end
 ```
 
+### Tool argument keys
+
+Tool arguments are delivered as a `Hash` whose keys are Ruby symbols at every nesting level, including nested objects
+and objects inside arrays. The transports parse incoming JSON with `JSON.parse(..., symbolize_names: true)`,
+so by the time a tool runs, a wire payload such as `{"payload": {"subject": "greet"}}` arrives as `{ payload: { subject: "greet" } }`.
+
+This means top-level values are bound through keyword arguments (`def call(message:, payload: nil, server_context:)`),
+and nested objects must be read with symbol keys:
+
+```ruby
+class ExampleTool < MCP::Tool
+  description "Echoes a nested argument"
+  input_schema(
+    properties: {
+      message: { type: "string" },
+      payload: {
+        type: "object",
+        properties: {
+          subject: { type: "string" },
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    required: ["message"]
+  )
+
+  def self.call(message:, payload: nil, server_context:)
+    subject = payload && payload[:subject] # symbol key, not payload["subject"]
+    MCP::Tool::Response.new([{
+      type: "text",
+      text: "Message: #{message}; subject: #{subject}"
+    }])
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Reading a nested value with a string key (`payload["subject"]`) returns `nil`. This is a Ruby-specific contract:
+Top-level keyword arguments require symbol keys, and parsing JSON with `symbolize_names: true` symbolizes nested objects too.
+
+Calling a tool directly in a test with `MyTool.call(payload: { "subject" => "greet" }, server_context: nil)` passes string keys
+that a transport never delivers, so string-key access can pass tests yet fail against a real client.
+Exercise a tool under the delivered shape by round-tripping the arguments through JSON the same way a transport does:
+
+```ruby
+delivered = JSON.parse(JSON.generate(arguments), symbolize_names: true)
+MyTool.call(**delivered, server_context: nil)
+```
+
 ## Prompts
 
 Prompts are templates for LLM interactions. Like tools, they can be defined in three ways:
diff --git a/lib/mcp/server.rb b/lib/mcp/server.rb
index e734b7bb..65309992 100644
--- a/lib/mcp/server.rb
+++ b/lib/mcp/server.rb
@@ -816,6 +816,10 @@ def accepts_server_context?(method_object)
     end
 
     def call_tool_with_args(tool, arguments, context, progress_token: nil, session: nil, related_request_id: nil, cancellation: nil)
+      # Transports parse incoming JSON with `symbolize_names: true`, so `arguments` already arrives symbolized
+      # at every nesting level. This top-level transform only guards callers that hand in string-keyed top-level arguments;
+      # it does not recurse, and nested object keys remain symbols. Tools therefore receive symbol keys all the way down.
+      # See docs/building-servers.md ("Tool argument keys").
       args = arguments&.transform_keys(&:to_sym) || {}
 
       if accepts_server_context?(tool.method(:call))
diff --git a/test/mcp/server_test.rb b/test/mcp/server_test.rb
index 43ece74e..f9dfdef1 100644
--- a/test/mcp/server_test.rb
+++ b/test/mcp/server_test.rb
@@ -426,6 +426,54 @@ class ServerTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
       assert_instrumentation_data({ method: "tools/call", tool_name: tool_name, tool_arguments: tool_args })
     end
 
+    test "#handle_json tools/call delivers nested object arguments with symbol keys at every level" do
+      received_payload = nil
+      server = Server.new(name: "test_server")
+      server.define_tool(
+        name: "nested_args_tool",
+        input_schema: { properties: { message: { type: "string" }, payload: { type: "object" } }, required: ["message"] },
+      ) do |message:, payload: nil, server_context:|
+        received_payload = payload
+        Tool::Response.new([{ type: "text", text: "#{message} #{server_context.class}" }])
+      end
+
+      request_json = JSON.generate(
+        jsonrpc: "2.0",
+        method: "tools/call",
+        id: 1,
+        params: {
+          name: "nested_args_tool",
+          arguments: { message: "hi", payload: { subject: "greet", nested: { deep: "value" } } },
+        },
+      )
+
+      server.handle_json(request_json)
+
+      assert_equal({ subject: "greet", nested: { deep: "value" } }, received_payload)
+      assert_equal "greet", received_payload[:subject]
+      assert_nil received_payload["subject"]
+    end
+
+    test "tool receives symbol keys when called under the JSON-round-tripped argument shape" do
+      received_payload = nil
+      tool = Tool.define(
+        name: "nested_args_tool",
+        input_schema: { properties: { payload: { type: "object" } } },
+      ) do |payload: nil, server_context:|
+        received_payload = payload
+        Tool::Response.new([{ type: "text", text: server_context.class.to_s }])
+      end
+
+      # Round-trip the arguments through JSON the way a transport does, so the tool
+      # is exercised under the symbolized shape it actually receives at runtime.
+      arguments = { payload: { "subject" => "greet" } }
+      delivered = JSON.parse(JSON.generate(arguments), symbolize_names: true)
+      tool.call(**delivered, server_context: nil)
+
+      assert_equal({ subject: "greet" }, received_payload)
+      assert_nil received_payload["subject"]
+    end
+
     test "#handle tools/call returns tool execution error if required tool arguments are missing" do
       tool_with_required_argument = Tool.define(
         name: "test_tool",